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Did the COVID-19 pandemic amplify the positive impact of income diversification on the profitability of European banks?

100%
Kozak S., Wierzbowska A.
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
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2022
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vol. 17
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issue 1
11-29
EN
Research background: The contribution of banks? non-interest income to the total income becomes particularly important in the face of a severe financial crisis, usually accompanied by burdensome restrictions in economic activity, insolvencies of enterprises and households and low interest rates of central banks. Purpose of the article: This study investigates banks in 40 European countries to determine whether non-interest income had a significant impact on the bank?s profitability and whether the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic influences the form of this relationship. Methods: This study used a linear cross-section model using bank-level data. In the model, the bank?s profitability was regressed with the measure of income diversification, controlling for the pandemic?s intensity and the state of the country?s economy and bank characteristics. Banking data were obtained from the S&P Global MI. The Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (Hale et al., 2021, pp. 529?538) was the source of pandemic-related variables. Findings & value added: The obtained results indicate that the increases in non-interest income share in the bank?s total income have a statistically significant positive impact on profitability for the European banking sector. The dependence of profitability on diversification was stronger with the growing adverse effects of the pandemic. Our results are in line with those for the US banks (Li et al., 2021) and the European Central Bank Banking Supervision?s assessment that higher non-interest income has allowed banks? profitability in the euro area to be maintained at a pre-pandemic level (ECB, 2021). In addition, the study contributes to previous literature by testing the impact of the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic on the relationship between income diversification and bank profitability in 40 European countries.
2
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The potential for development of non-agricultural activities in rural areas of northwest Poland

100%
Kiryluk-Dryjska E., Beba P.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
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2018
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vol. 48
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issue 2
137-142
EN
The objective of this study was to assess the potential for growth of non-agricultural rural activities in northwest Poland. The analysis was performed within a linear regression framework. The results demonstrated that non-agricultural activities were determined by entrepreneurship, infrastructure and small size of farms. The estimated potential of nonagricultural activities was highest in Zachodniopomorskie voivodeship, moderate in Wielkopolskie voivodeship, and lowest in Lubuskie voivodeship. The results also suggest that in order to fully tap into the potential of non-agricultural activities, some institutional support needs to be provided by the local government.
3
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Vibrant civil society in Slovakia? NGOs supported by the CEE trust are still largely dependent on external financing after 20 years

88%
Jurášek D.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2023
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vol. 59
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issue 6
617-643
EN
Large-scale funding of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) by states and corporations (external funding) can impact their functioning and diminish their civic character. It is therefore of importance to understand whether and how NGOs can become financially independent of external funding. In Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), many NGOs were kickstarted by large sums from foreign state and corporate sponsors with the hopes of creating an independent civil society reliant on domestic sources: a ‘vibrant civil society’. However, did these NGOs become financially independent? This article examines a sample of 14 NGOs in Slovakia financed by the Trust for Civil Society in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE Trust), an organisation started by six private American foundations. Their funding is compared year by year, and it is found that between 2000 and 2020, foreign funding decreased from 97.2% to 55.2%, and corporate funding dropped from 92.1% to 31.2%. However, public sector funding increased from 1.2% to 35.6%. Civic funding remained low over the entire period, rising from 0.1% to 8.6%. Thus, external corporate funding was largely replaced by another type of external funding (public funding), and the role of one major foreign donor (the Trust) was largely replaced by another major foreign donor (European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) funds). The results suggest that it is difficult for NGOs kickstarted by external funding to achieve financial independence, at least on a timescale of 20 years.
4
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Human capital and income diversification among crop farmers in rural Oyo State, Nigeria

75%
Daud A. S., Awoyemi T. T., Omotoso A. B., Omotayo A. O.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
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2018
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vol. 49
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issue 3
5
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Receipts and income of households in Poland

75%
Kozak J. M., Mrówczyńska-Kamińska A.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
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2021
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vol. 59
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issue 1
101-115
EN
This article aims to assess the income situation of households in Poland, considering the level of receipts and income as well as their dynamics and structure. An analysis was also carried out with respect to differences between particular socio-economic groups and between households depending on the number of persons in a household. The Gini coefficient was used for analytical purposes. Moreover, an attempt was made to identify the causes of income diversification. The analysis was carried out based on data derived from household budget surveys conducted by Statistics Poland. The research covered the period from 2000 to 2019 (individual years). The study showed a real increase in the average monthly net receipts and available income in all households. The most favour[1]able financial situation was observed in white-collar workers, self-employed persons and one-person households. The least favourable income situation was found in households of blue[1]collar workers and pensioners and households of six or more persons. However, attention should also be paid to changes taking place in the structure of sources of income generated by household members. There is an increase in income from hired work and social assistance benefits. The highest variations in receipts and available income were observed in households of farmers and those of six or more persons. In contrast, the smallest variations were recorded with respect to households of old-age pensioners and one-person households.
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Příjmová situace jihočeských domácností v roce 2008

63%
Ladislav S.
Littera Scripta
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2012
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vol. 2
141-150
EN
The paper deals with the income situation analysis of households living in the South Bohemian region in 2008. The period was chosen because it is considered to be the beginning of the recession of the real economy and thus the culmination point of one phase of the economic cycle. By the use of results of the national module of the EU-SILC project a modest disposable incomes lag behind the national average was identified. On the other hand the region was characterized by a lower degree of relative income poverty. Quintile analysis and calculation of the Gini coecient showed an above average level of income diversification. This, if not set in the wider context of economic reality, would indicate a factor of the socio-economic stability of the region in the long therm.
CS
Článek je věnován rozboru důchodové situace domácností Jihočeského regionu v klíčovém období počátečních projevů krizového vývoje ekonomiky, tj. též vyvrcholení jedné z fází národního hospodářského cyklu. Pomoc í výsledků národního modulu projektu EU-SILC bylo identifikováno mírné zaostávání disponibilních důchodů regionu za celorepublikovým průměrem. Na druhou stranu ale nižš míra relativní příjmové chudoby. Kvintilová analýza a výpočet hodnoty Giniho koeficientu ukázaly nadprůměrnou úroveň diverzifikace příjmů v regionu, což by bez zasazení do širšího reálného kontextu indikovalo pozitivní aspekt socioekonomické situace.
7
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The issue of income diversification among rural farming households: empirical evidence from Kwara State, Nigeria

63%
Akinrinde A. F., Omotesho K. F., Ogunlade I.
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
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2018
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vol. 49
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issue 3
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