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PL
Wygładzanie dochodu nie jest zjawiskiem nowym na rynku, jednak jest istotne z punktu widzenia oceny wyników podmiotu gospodarczego. Istotnym problemem w badaniu efektu wygładzania dochodu przedsiębiorstw jest wybór odpowiednich narzędzi. Metody pomiaru wygładzania dochodu powinny być obiektywne oraz relatywnie łatwe w użyciu. Celem artykułu było uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy w polskich spółkach publicznych występuje efekt wygładzania dochodu. W badaniu wykorzystano metodę regresji panelowej z efektami stałymi do oszacowania teoretycznych wartości niepieniężnych składowych wyniku finansowego Accruals, które porównano z wartościami rzeczywistymi. Przeprowadzone badanie efektu wygładzania dochodu dostarcza pewnych dowodów, iż w polskich spółkach publicznych mogło zachodzić to zjawisko.
EN
Smoothing income is not a new phenomenon on the market however, it’s important for the assessment of companies’ performance. The problem of testing the effect of smoothing income is a tool selection. The method of measure of smoothing income should be objective and relatively simple to use. The aim of the article was to answer the question whether the Polish public limited companies also smoothing the income. In the study was used a fixed-effects panel regression method to estimate the theoretical value of non-discretionary accruals. The result was compared with total accruals. Conducted study provides some evidence that in the Polish public limited companies may have been used smoothing income process.
EN
This paper aims to find out what the impact is of bank capital ratios on loan supply in the EU and what factors explain the potential diversity of this impact. Applying the Blundell and Bond (1998) two step GMM estimator, we show that, in the EU context, the role of capital ratio for loan growth is stronger than previous literature has found for other countries. Our study sheds some light on whether procyclicality of loan loss provisions and income smoothing with loan loss provisions contribute to procyclical impact of capital ratio on loan growth. We document that loan growth of banks that have more procyclical loan loss provisions and that engage less in income smoothing is more sensitive to capital ratios. This sensitivity is slightly increased in this sample of banks during contractions. Moreover, more restrictive regulations and more stringent official supervision reduce the magnitude of the effect of capital ratio on bank lending. Taken together, our results suggest that capital ratios are an important determinant of lending in large EU banks.
EN
Using the two step system GMM Blundell and Bond estimator this paper documents a large cross-bank and cross-country variation in the relationship between loan loss provisions (LLP) and the business cycle and explores bank management specific, bank-activity specific and country specific (institutional and regulatory) features that explain this diversity in the European Union. Our results indicate that LLP in large, publicly traded and commercial banks, as well as in banks reporting consolidated statements, are more procyclical. Better investor protection and more restrictive bank capital regulations reduce the procyclicality of LLP. We do not find support for the view that better quality of market monitoring mitigates the sensitivity of LLP to business cycle. Our findings clearly indicate the empirical importance of income smoothing, capital management and credit risk management for decreased procyclicality of LLP.
EN
In this paper, we analyse the process of income smoothing in Central European banks in the context of expansion strategies of banks. Using a sample of 216 banks in the period 2003–2014, we demonstrate that income smoothing is a strategy most pursued by low-growth financial institutions. This result is particularly visible when the relative expansion rate at local markets is taken into account. High-growth banks are likely to have less foreseeable income streams, loan volumes and loan quality. As income smoothing is a long-term process, the lack of predictability could make forward-making reserve policies more challenging.
PL
W pracy analizowany jest proces wygładzania dochodów w bankach Europy Centralnej w kontekście strategii ekspansji banków. Wykorzystując dane 216 banków z okresu 2003–2014, wykazano, że wygładzanie dochodów jest strategią wykorzystywaną przede wszystkim przez instytucje finansowe o niskim tempie wzrostu. Wyniki te są szczególnie widoczne, gdy brane jest pod uwagę relatywne tempo wzrostu kredytów banku na rynku krajowym. Banki o wysokim tempie wzrostu, z których część zaangażowana jest w procesy fuzji i przejęć, prawdopodobnie posiadają mniej przewidywalne strumienie dochodów, wolumeny kredytów i jakość kredytów. Ze względu na długoterminowy charakter wygładzania dochodów, brak przewidywalności może utrudniać politykę tworzenia rezerw uwzględniającą przyszłe wydarzenia.
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