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Income from Women’s Gainful Employment Compared to Household Income

100%

Ulman P.

Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia

2014

vol. 14

issue 1

63-77

Various statistical analyses reveal that the position of women in the labour market is worse when compared to men. In the majority, or nearly in all countries of the EU, women obtain lower income than men and are in a greater risk of becoming unemployed. The problem of such differentiation in the labour market is still valid despite the various activities at the EU agenda aimed at reducing these disparities. The aim of this paper was to present the income situation of women who remain in a formal or informal relationship with men and to identify the factors which affect such a situation without making any reference to the problem of discrimination. The author used the data from Polish household budget survey of 2011.

Development, what does it really mean?

70%

Semasinghe W. M.

Acta Politica Polonica

2020

vol. 49

issue 1

51-59

“Development” is the most commonly used single word by economists, policymakers, inter-national financial institutions and politicians. Although, as a polysemic word, “development” has different meanings - it is used largely to describe an improvement in the quality of life of people. Initially, development was perceived as the growth of domestic, national or individ- ual income. Over time, the perception of development was broadened, and now it encompasses various dimensions in defining development. In addition to the traditional economic elements, it includes many socioeconomic and political dimensions such as poverty, inequality, unem- ployment, freedom, democracy, dignity, self-respect and self-esteem. UNDP defines develop- ment as a process of enlarging people’s choices, while Sen defines it as a process of expansion of freedoms. These choices or freedoms lead to an improvement in the quality of life of people and there is no argument about that. However, as I perceive it, development is not a process as considered in terms of traditional and modern development ideologies, but a superior status that human beings strive to capture or reach. Expansion of choices or freedoms and the elimi- nation of poverty, inequality, etc. are the processes that convey people to the development. The policies and programs drawn up to achieve the improvement of so-called choices or free- doms are the instruments that expand the processes. These processes will end when the entire human society reaches the so-called pinnacle of development.

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1 Acta Politica Polonica

1 Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia

1 Semasinghe W. M.

1 Ulman P.

1 2020

1 2014

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Income from Women’s Gainful Employment Compared to Household Income

Development, what does it really mean?