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Psychologia społeczna a materializm historyczny.

100%
Pytlik M.
Nowa Krytyka
|
2016
|
issue 37
149-172
EN
Historical materialism and social psychology are in deep and underestimated relationship. As historical materialism constitutes a theoretical framework for social psychology, the social psychology brings a great amount of data which updates the Marxist legacy. The problem often raised is psychology’s focus on individual and explaining the whole reality from its point of view whereas historical materialism definitely stands on the position of methodological anti-individualism. Nevertheless individualistic social psychology does not deny the anti-individualistic approach in social sciences in general. Individuals are social, are part of society and even if individual consciousness and practice are not conclusive for social processes, they must be examined with the same respect. There is a space for individualism in Marxism as well. One of the keypoints of historical materialism is mutual relation between social conditions reflecting in consciousness and humans transforming these conditions through their material practice. This assumption considered from individualistic perspective is equal with human entity shaped by its social relations and historical circumstances and transforming these relations through its behaviour. It corresponds with definitions of social psychology – individuals’ thinking, feeling and behaving stems from their social setup, but they influence this setup as well. The Marxist social psychology is then legit and can be continued with the psychology’s data already collected.
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Diplomatic practice and its influence on regulation of diplomacy by diplomatic law and non-legal rules

100%
Rosputinský P.
The Lawyer Quarterly
|
2024
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vol. 14
|
issue 2
179-197
EN
The notion of diplomatic practice is very often used in many works, but typically without a definition. Firstly, this article brings considerations leading both to the definition of diplomatic practice as well as to its comparison with the notion of practice of diplomacy. The second part of the present article deals with application of diplomatic practice with respect to the prospective creation of legal and non-legal norms governing diplomatic relations, and explains how established patterns of behaviour can evolve into rules of conduct. The article classifies four fields of diplomatic practice with different legal effects: (i) one-time practices and repeated practices of one or more States; (ii) general practice; (iii) international courtesy; (iv) international custom; and identifies examples in each normative level of diplomatic practice in order to demonstrate its scope and content, which goes far beyond the regulation of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations as a written law. Finally, in conclusion and as practical implication, it provides an analysis of the normative potential of new diplomatic practice emerging during COVID-19 restrictions in many States, which rests in lockdown and curfew restricting the freedom of movement of diplomatic missions’ members.
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