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DISTANCE MEASURES IN AGGREGATING PREFERENCE DATA

100%
Zaborski A.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 302
EN
The aim of this paper is to present aggregation methods of individual preferences scores by means of distance measures. Three groups of distance measures are discussed: measures  which use preference distributions for all pairs of objects (e.g. Kemeny’s measure, Bogart’s measure), distance measures based on ranking data (e.g. Spearman distance, Podani distance) and distance measures using permissible transformations to ordinal scale (GDM2 distance). Adequate distance formulas are presented and the aggregation of individual preference by using separate distance measures was carried out with the use of the R program.
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Should the Government Provide Jobs for Everyone? Societal Expectations and Their Impact on Labour Market Institutions and Outcomes

63%
Pilc M.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2018
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vol. 296
|
issue 4
179-210
PL
Okazuje się, że im silniejsze było w 1996 roku społeczne oczekiwanie, aby rządy poszczególnych krajów zapewniły pełne zatrudnienie, tym gorsza jest obecnie w tych krajach sytuacja na rynkach pracy. W artykule zaproponowano dwie komplementarne hipotezy, inspirowane teorią wyboru publicznego, które mogą pomóc wyjaśnić to zjawisko: (1) oczekiwania społeczne nie były skorelowane z reformami instytucji rynku pracy przeprowadzonymi w kolejnych dwóch dekadach; (2) poparcie dla idei zapewnienia przez rząd pełnego zatrudnienia jest niższe wśród osób pracujących (którzy w wielu badanych krajach stanowili większość wyborców) niż w przypadku pozostałych grup społecznych i różnica ta nie zależy od sytuacji panującej na rynku pracy. Analiza empiryczna bazuje na zestawie 29 wskaźników instytucji rynku pracy i obejmuje kraje, które w latach 1996–2016 wzięły udział w badaniu ankietowym pt. Oczekiwania wobec rządu (ang. Role of government) – będącego częścią Międzynarodowego programu sondaży społecznych (ISSP). Uzyskane rezultaty są w dużej mierze zgodne z przyjętymi hipotezami.
EN
This study explores whether and to what extent voters expect the government to provide jobs for everyone who wants to work. It examines the link between voter expectations and the labour market situation. It finds that the stronger the expectation of the government to provide a job for everyone in the mid-1990s was, the worse the labour market situation is today. Two hypotheses inspired by the theory of public choice are proposed to explain this relationship: (1) societal expectations were not correlated with reforms of labour market institutions in the next two decades; (2) support for the idea of the government providing a job for everyone was significantly lower among the employed (who in many countries constituted the majority of voters) than among other groups, and this difference did not depend on the labour market situation. The empirical analysis is based on a set of 29 indicators of labour market institutions and covers countries included in the Role of Government survey for 1996–2016 - conducted as part of the International Social Survey Programme. The obtained results are largely consistent with the stated hypotheses.
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