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1

Human security and human-centred defence as individual responsibility and collective activity

100%

Matyók T., Zajc S.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

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2022

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vol. XLVIII

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issue 3

337-346

EN

Collective defence and individual (human) security are not necessarily two sides of the same coin, they are often two different currencies where it is almost impossible to calculate their real exchange rate and value. Current civil-military relationships often fall short of what is needed to meet emerging human security needs. We are confident that the positive interactions of civil-military actors help build resiliency. Human rights and human needs play a significant role in building resiliency. We call for the re-invention of civil defence as the holistic concept of individual responsibility and collective action. We need human-centered defence policy and planning, teaching, and practice. We need strong states to stand behind the civil defence concept that merges policy and strategy with local actors. Security is an individual responsibility and a collective activity that requires all elements of society to ensure success. Security cannot be outsourced to the military, nor any single civilian institution.

2

INCOME INEQUALITY EVALUATION IN THE BALTIC COUNTRIES: PUBLIC OPINION, PREFERENCES AND VALUES

86%

Skuciene D.

Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis

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2018

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issue 2

28-41

EN

Upon regaining their independence, the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) chose the neoliberal welfare development path, which served as an impetus for the increase in income inequality and poverty in the Baltic countries. The welfare policy is generally based on public opinion and support, hence analyses of the public opinion on income inequality that results from the neoliberal welfare policy and societal values related with redistribution of income can serve as one of the factors explaning why the neoliberal welfare policy has been viable in the region. Commonly the relation between the welfare regime and population attitudes and values is defined as a two-way process. Theories of culture proposed by Inglehart, Hofstede G., Hofstede G.J. and Minkov provide insights into how the cultures of the Baltic countries have been shaping preferences for equality. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the public opinion, views on income inequality and values of the people in the Baltic countries in relation to redistribution of income. To achieve the main goal, the current study uses secondary Eurostat data of 2006ñ2016, primary Eurobarometer data of 2006ñ2017 as well as data from the representative survey (face-to-face interviews) in the Baltic countries of 2016 realized by the company “Spinter research”. The targeted group in the Baltic countries was the population of age 18 and over drawn through probability sampling (the study included 1000 people from Estonia, 1063 from Latvia and 1011 from Lithuania). The study also uses the European Value Study 2008 data. Evaluation of differences in opinions and values was carried out by means of relevant statistical analyses which suggest that the values of equality/solidarity and individual responsibility were in line with the main principles of the neoliberal welfare policy because equality and solidarity are not important values in a society characterized by a preference for freedom and invidual efforts. However, the evaluation of income inequality resulting from the neoliberal welfare policy revealed a dissatisfaction of inhabitants in the region and their preference for a more equal or an absolutely equal society.

3

Mental and material elements of genocide

86%

Gagro S. F.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2021

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vol. 11

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issue 1

1-18

EN

The crime of genocide is one of the most severe crimes. Its commission always takes time, requires planning, and results in substantial human sacrifices. It is never a single or accidental act but always conscious and deliberate. The commitment of genocide requires performing one of the acts (actus reus) enumerated in the 1948 Genocide Convention and perpetrated specifically against the members of a protected group, which represents the material element of the crime. However, the element that makes genocide one of the worst crimes ever known to humankind is the perpetrator’s special intention of destroying a protected group – the mental element of the crime, i.e., dolus specialis, whose complexity and severity has been confirmed before the international criminal ad hoc tribunals and the ICJ.

4

Rozważania wokół odpowiedzialności bytu zbiorowego

72%

Filek J.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

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2014

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issue 3(29)

57-71

PL

Głównym celem artykułu była próba sproblematyzowania fenomenu odpowiedzialności bytu zbiorowego. Zadanie to okazało się wielce złożone ze względu na obowiązujące, a właściwie dominujące powszechnie przekonanie (w świadomości prawno-polityczno-gospodarczej) o absolutnej fundamentalności odpowiedzialności jednostkowej, zamykające jakąkolwiek refleksję nad odpowiedzialnością bytu zbiorowego, która to refleksja mogłaby zniszczyć jedno z najcenniejszych osiągnięć ludzkiej myśli, jaką jest niewątpliwie idea odpowiedzialności moralnej bytu ludzkiego. Z drugiej jednak strony zmiany następujące z coraz większą gwałtownością zarówno w charakterze oraz strukturze społeczeństw, jak i relacjach społecznych, stanowiących o nowym jego obliczu, wskazują, że przy wzrastającej sile oddziaływania mocy sprawczej wielkich organizacji (zarówno tych publicznych, jak i prywatnych) nie sposób dzisiaj nie podjąć refleksji nad nowym wymiarem odpowiedzialności, tj. odpowiedzialności bytu zbiorowego. Artykuł jest zatem próbą pokazania kierunków poszukiwań nowego zjawiska, przy założeniu nienaruszalności fenomenu odpowiedzialności jednostkowej.

EN

The main objective of the paper is to address the problem of responsibility of a collective being. This task has proven to be very complex due to the conviction which is currently dominant (in legal, political and economic consciousness): that of absolutely fundamental individual responsibility that closes any reflection on the responsibility of a collective being which could destroy one of the undoubtedly most valuable achievements of human thought: the idea of moral responsibility of a human being. However, the increasingly rapid changes both in the nature and structure of societies, and in social relations, which are its new face, show that with the increasing impact and power of large organizations (public and private alike), one has to reflect on a new dimension of responsibility, i.e. the responsibility of a collective being. The paper is therefore an attempt to show research directions of the new phenomenon, without questioning the inviolability of individual responsibility.

5

Spór o odpowiedzialność: między odpowiedzialnością jednostki a odpowiedzialnością wspólnotową

72%

Filek J.

Prakseologia

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2016

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vol. 158/2

35-52

PL

W związku z tym, że w filozofii współczesnej fenomen odpowiedzialności nabiera coraz istotniejszego znaczenia, autorka postanowiła przyjrzeć się jego rozumieniu w kontekście myśli liberalnej i komunitariańskiej. Artykuł jest zatem próbą porównania fenomenu odpowiedzialności w ujęciu liberałów oraz komunitarian. Zawarte w tekście rozważania prowadzą autorkę do wniosku, iż oba te stanowiska odmiennie postrzegają fenomen odpowiedzialności; liberalizm, koncentrując się nieomal wyłącznie na jego jednostkowym rozumieniu, podczas kiedy w ramach myśli komunitariańskiej otwiera się przestrzeń do jego rozumienia w ujęciu wspólnotowym.

EN

Due to the fact that in contemporary philosophy phenomenon of responsibility is becoming more significant meaning the author decided to look at its meaning in the context of liberal thought and comunitarin. The article is thus an attempt to compare the phenomenon of responsibility in terms of the liberals and communitarians. Included in the text the author considerations lead to the conclusion that both these positions differently perceive the phenomenon of responsibility, liberalism focusing almost exclusively about his understanding of the individual, while in the framework of comunitarian’s thought opens up space for its understanding in terms of the community.

6

Zbrojna napaść Rosji na Ukrainę a kwestia odpowiedzialności karnej jednostki

72%

Czeszejko-Sochacka K.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

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2023

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vol. 51

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issue 2

147-167

EN

Russia’s armed attack on Ukraine has sparked a discussion on the possibility of prosecuting on the possibility of prosecuting those responsible for international crimes committed in this war. The subject of the article is an analysis of the provisions of the Rome Statute of the ICC in terms of their possible prosecution. The presented considerations answer the question what actions could be attributed to the Russian soldiers taking part in the invasion of Ukraine. The possibility of prosecuting the president of the Russian Federation was also presented and it was pointed out that performing the function of the head of state does not exclude his individual liability. By the way, it was noticed that the actions of the Russian troops in Ukraine are very similar to the methods used by Serbian soldiers during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

PL

Zbrojna napaść Rosji na Ukrainę zapoczątkowała dyskusję o możliwości postawienia w stan oskarżenia osób odpowiedzialnych za popełnienie zbrodni międzynarodowych w tym konflikcie. Celem artykułu jest analiza przepisów Rzymskiego Statutu MTK pod kątem ewentualnego ich oskarżenia. W rozważaniach udzielono odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie czyny mogłyby zostać przypisane żołnierzom rosyjskim biorącym udział w inwazji na Ukrainę. Przedstawiono także możliwość pociągnięcia do odpowiedzialności karnej prezydenta Federacji Rosyjskiej i zwrócono uwagę, że pełnienie funkcji głowy państwa nie wyłącza jego indywidualnej odpowiedzialności. Zauważono też, że działania wojsk rosyjskich w Ukrainie są bardzo zbliżone do metod, jakimi posługiwali się serbscy żołnierze w czasie wojny w Bośni i Hercegowinie.

7

Problem odpowiedzialności w ujęciu biblijnym

44%

Jelonek T. B.

Studia Socialia Cracoviensia

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2012

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vol. 4

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issue 1

EN

Description of the man creation and following after it description of the fall shows that the man is the ethical creature and is subject to a moral rights. It arises the responsibility. The crime is subject to the punishment, and obedience will be awarded. In the history of the biblical revelation comes first of all the notion of the collective responsibility which loses its part of the translation of events experienced by the nation in the voice first it Babylonian constrains. Then comes to the voice the notion of the personal responsibility which lets every individual participate in supporting the religious relation to the God but it gives also a serious difficulties. The Book of Job undertakes the problem of the suffering fair, the Book of Kohelet the question, why unfair does not bear punishment. The fuller possible solution is just after understanding that the repayment does not end within the earthly life, but there is the place for it in the hereafter life. It becomes the call to undertaking responsibility connected with the hope full of the responsibility.

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1 Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

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1 Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis

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1 The Lawyer Quarterly

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2 Filek J.

1 Czeszejko-Sochacka K.

1 Gagro S. F.

1 Jelonek T. B.

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