Search results

1

4-Week inhalation toxicity of 2-methylnaphthalene in experimental animals

100%

Świercz R., Wąsowicz W., Stetkiewicz J., Gromadzińska J., Majcherek W.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2011

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vol. 24

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issue 4

399-408

EN

Objectives: This paper presents toxic effects of 2-MN in laboratory animals under conditions of 4-week inhalation exposure to 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN) vapors. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were exposed to 2-MN vapors at a nominal concentration of 0, 2, 10 or 50 mg/m³ in dynamic inhalation chambers for 4 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week). After 4 weeks of inhalation exposure the animals were necropsied. Blood samples were collected and selected organs were weighted and prepared for histological examinations. Results: The effects of the increased levels of exposure to 2-MN experienced by the experimental rats were as follows: a) increasing γ-glutamylotransferase activity, b) stimulation of the hematopoietic system, c) lower cholesterol concentrations, d) higher number of goblet cells in lobar bronchi, e) hyperplasia of hepatic bile ducts. Conclusion: Four-week exposure of the animals to 2-MN at 2 mg/m³ proved to be the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL), while 10 mg/m³ appeared to represent the lowest-observed-adverseeffect- level (LOAEL).

2

Hemimellitene (1,2,3-trimethylbenzene) in the liver, lung, kidney, and blood, and dimethylbenzoic acid isomers in the liver, lung, kidney and urine of rats after single and repeated inhalation exposure to hemimellitene

86%

Świercz R., Majcherek W., Wąsowicz W.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2015

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vol. 29

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issue 1

113-128

EN

Objectives The aim of the study has been to explore hemimellitene distribution in blood, liver, lung and kidney as well as toxicokinetics of its elimination from blood of rats after single and repeated inhalation exposure to this compound. Tissue distribution and excretion with urine of 2-dimethylbenzoic acids (2,3-DMBA and 2,6-DMBA) were also evaluated. Material and Methods Male outbred IMP:WIST rats were used in the experiment. The animals were exposed to hemimellitene vapors at the nominal concentration of 25 ppm, 100 ppm, and 250 ppm in the dynamic inhalation chambers for 6 h for single exposure purpose and for 4 weeks (6 h/day for 5 day/week) for repeated exposure purposes. Results Significantly lower concentrations of hemimellitene were detected in the blood and tissues of animals after repeated inhalation exposure of animals to hemimellitene vapors, which points to reduced retention of the chemical in the lungs of the experimental rats. The trend of hemimellitene elimination from the blood depended solely on exposure intensity, irrespective of exposure time, both after single and repeated exposure. As regards the 2 determined hemimellitene metabolites, the major trend of the metabolic transformation involved formation of 2,3-DMBA. Conclusions The significantly higher urinary 2,3-DMBA concentration after repeated exposure shows that hemimellitene induces enzymatic processes in the rat.

3

Toxic effect in the lungs of rats after inhalation exposure to benzalkonium chloride

86%

Świercz R., Hałatek T., Stetkiewicz J., Wąsowicz W., Kur B., Grzelińska Z., Majcherek W.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2013

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vol. 26

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issue 4

647-656

EN

Background: Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) toxic to microorganisms. Inhalation is one of the major possible routes of human exposure to BAC. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed on female Wistar rats. The rats were exposed to aerosol of BAC water solution at the target concentration of 0 (control group) and 35 mg/m³ for 5 days (6 h/day) and, after a 2-week interval, the animals were challenged (day 21) with BAC aerosol at the target concentration of 0 (control group) and 35 mg/m³ for 6 h. Results: Compared to the controls, the animals exposed to BAC aerosol were characterized by lower food intake and their body weight was significantly smaller. As regards BAC-exposed group, a significant increase was noted in relative lung mass, total protein concentration, and MIP-2 in BALF both directly after the termination of the exposure and 18 h afterwards. Significantly higher IL-6 and IgE concentrations in BALF and a decrease in the CC16 concentration in BALF were found in the exposed group immediately after the exposure. The leukocyte count in BALF was significantly higher in the animals exposed to BAC aerosol compared to the controls. In the lungs of rats exposed to BAC the following effects were observed: minimal perivascular, interstitial edema, focal aggregates of alveolar macrophages, interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrations, thickened alveolar septa and marginal lipoproteinosis. Conclusion: Inhalation of BAC induced a strong inflammatory response and a damage to the blood-air barrier. Reduced concentrations of CC16, which is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory protein, in combination with increased IgE concentrations in BALF may be indicative of the immuno-inflammatory response in the animals exposed to BAC aerosol by inhalation. Histopathological examinations of tissue samples from the BAC-exposed rats revealed a number of pathological changes found only in the lungs.

4

The distribution and excretion of 1-methylnaphthalene in rats exposed to 1-methylnaphthalene by inhalation

86%

Świercz R., Wąsowicz W.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2018

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vol. 31

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issue 6

763-770

EN

Objectives 1-Methylnaphthalene (1-MN) is a constituent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the chemicals that have become ubiquitous in the environment as result of natural and industrial process. This paper reports a study on the distribution and excretion of 1-MN in rats after single and repeated inhalation exposure to 1-MN vapor. Material and Methods Male Wistar rats were exposed to 1-MN vapor at nominal concentrations of 50 mg/m³ or 200 mg/m³ in the dynamic inhalation chambers (TSE Systems Head Nose Only Exposure) for 6 h (single exposure) or 5 days (6 h/day, repeated exposure). Blood, urine and tissue samples were collected during and after the exposure. Blood, urine and tissue concentrations of 1-MN were estimated by gas chromatography using the headspace technique. Results The elimination of 1-MN from blood followed an open 2-compartment model. The concentration in rat tissues was dependent on the magnitude and time of exposure. After repeated exposure, the concentration 1-MN in tissue decreased in comparison to single exposure. The elimination of 1-MN with urine after single and repeated exposure to 1-MN occurred mainly in the samples collected during the first day of collection. Conclusions 1-Methylnaphthalene was rapidly eliminated from the blood and tissues of animals exposed by inhalation to 1-MN. In repeated exposure, there was probably a significant increase of 1-MN metabolism in rats exposed to low and high 1-MN doses. Under conditions of repeated 1-MN exposure, no significant systemic 1-MN accumulation could be observed. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(6):763–770

5

Metabolism and in vitro assessment of the mutagenic activity of urinary extracts from rats after inhalation exposure to 1-methylnaphthalene

86%

Świercz R., Stępnik M., Gromadzińska J., Domeradzka-Gajda K., Roszak J., Wąsowicz W.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2022

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vol. 35

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issue 6

731-746

EN

Objectives 1-Methylnaphthalene (1-MN) is composed of 2 benzene rings and belongs to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The metabolism of 1-MN in laboratory animals and bacteria leads to the formation of 1-naphthoic acid (1-NA). Material and Methods In this study the distribution of 1-NA in lung, liver, spleen, kidney and urinary excretion of 1-NA in rats after single and repeated inhalation exposure to 1-MN vapors were investigated. The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and cytochrome were measured of the rats. Genotoxic effects were evaluated with the in vitro micronucleus test on V79 hamster fibroblasts. Results The concentrations of 1-NA in the tissues of rats after single and repeated exposure to 1-MN were dependent on the exposure dose. High levels of 1-NA were found in kidneys of animals after the single and repeated exposure to 1-MN. With an increase of 1-MN dose, an increase in the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2) was observed in the liver of rats. Compared to control animals, significantly higher ALT activity was noted in serum of rats exposed to 1-MN. The micronuclei frequency in V79 cells exposed to 1-MN (in the range of analyzable concentrations; i.e., 5–25 μg/ml) did not differ significantly from the vehicle control, whereas urine extracts from rats exposed to 1-MN induced a significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei compared to urine extracts from the group of control animals. Conclusions Metabolism of 1-MN in rats after the inhalation exposure leading to 1-NA was mainly observed during the first day after the end of exposure. It is likely that 1-MN metabolites present in rat urine can induce the increased micronuclei frequency as was shown in V79 cells.

6

Acute lung injury in a worker after inhalation of ethylene phosphorodifluoridite

86%

Ra S. W., Oh J., Kim H., Kwon W. J., Kim Y.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2022

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vol. 35

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issue 3

361-366

EN

Ethylene phosphorodifluoridite (C2H4F4O2P2) (CAS No. 3965-00-2) is a colorless corrosive fuming liquid that is used as a stabilizer in the electrolyte of rechargeable batteries. There are no previous reports of toxic effects following exposure to this compound. A 28-year-old male complained of respiratory distress after accidental inhalation of ethylene phosphorodifluoridite for 30 min. The patient developed acute lung injury with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and was treated with supportive management. The patient fully recovered and was discharged after 7 days without any significant sequelae. The patient’s symptoms were attributed to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema caused by ethylene phosphorodifluoridite exposure. The case study showed that ethylene phosphorodifluoridite should be added to the list of chemicals that can cause acute lung injury.

7

A systematic review of the health impacts of occupational exposure to wildland fires

86%

Groot E., Caturay A., Khan Y., Copes R.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2019

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vol. 32

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issue 2

121-140

EN

The aim of the paper is to summarize the evidence of health impacts of occupational exposure to wildland fires. The authors searched 3 databases for relevant articles and screened the results. After full-text review, articles were included based on pre-determined criteria. The authors identified 32 relevant articles. Occupational exposure to wildland fires affects lung function in the short term and may increase the risk of hypertension in the long term. Exposure to wildland fires is also associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms. There was insufficient evidence to comment on most longer-term risks, and in particular on respiratory disease or cancer risks. Further research is required to understand whether occupational exposure to wildland fires results in clinically significant impacts on respiratory function, and to further clarify the relationship between occupational exposure and blood pressure, mental health, and cancer outcomes. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(2):121–40

8

Stosowanie inhalacji przez osoby po laryngektomii całkowitej

72%

Hamerlińska A., Kędzierska J.

Logopedia

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2021

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vol. 50

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issue 2

157-167

EN

Laryngectomy patients are required to take care of their cervical stoma with a tracheostomy tube. Proper care clears the respiratory tract; facilitates expectoration; moisturizes; thus affects the character of the voice, its color and facilitates learning replacement speech. One way to support this care is by inhalation. The aim of the article is to present the approach of people after laryngectomy to the use of inhalation. 28 people participated in the study. A quantitative approach and original questionnaire was used. The research was conducted in June and July 2021. The research shows that 68% of laryngectomees use inhalation, however with different frequency (from several times a day to only once a week). Many of them learn about the inhalation method from other laryngectomees, and less often from medical personnel. The respondents see the positive effects of inhaling.

PL

Osoby po laryngektomii, mając rurkę tracheostomijną, zobowiązane są dbać o swoją stomę szyjną. Odpowiednia pielęgnacja udrażnia drogę oddechową; ułatwia odkrztuszanie; nawilża; a tym samym wpływa na charakter głosu, jego zabarwienie oraz ułatwia uczenie się mowy zastępczej. Jednym ze sposobów wspierania tej pielęgnacji jest wykonywanie inhalacji. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie podejścia osób po laryngektomii do stosowania inhalacji. W badaniu wzięło udział 28 osób. Zastosowano podejście ilościowe, wykorzystano autorską ankietę. Badania przeprowadzono w czerwcu i lipcu 2021 roku. Z badań wynika, że 68% laryngektomowanych stosuje inhalację, jednakże z różną częstotliwością (od kilku razy dziennie po tylko jeden raz w tygodniu). Wielu z nich o metodzie inhalacji uczy się od innych osób laryngektomowanych, a rzadziej od personelu medycznego. Badani dostrzegają pozytywne efekty płynące ze stosowania wziewania.

9

Nanorurki węglowe – charakterystyka substancji, działanie biologiczne i dopuszczalne poziomy narażenia zawodowego

58%

Świdwińska-Gajewska A. M., Czerczak S.

Medycyna Pracy

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2017

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vol. 68

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issue 2

259-276

EN

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a diverse group of nano-objects in terms of structure, size (length, diameter), shape and characteristics. The growing interest in these structures is due to the increasing number of people working in exposure to CNTs. Occupational exposure to carbon nanotubes may occur in research laboratories, as well as in plants producing CNTs and their nanocomposites. Carbon nanotubes concentration at the emission source may reach 10⁷ particles/cm³. These values, however, are considerably reduced after the application of adequate ventilation. Animal studies suggest that the main route of exposure is inhalation. Carbon nanotubes administered orally are largely excreted in the feces. In animals exposed by inhalation, CNTs caused mainly inflammation, as a result of oxidative stress, leading above all to changes in the lungs. The main effect of animal dermal exposure is oxidative stress causing local inflammation. In animals exposed by ingestion the mild or no toxicity was observed. Carbon nanotubes did not induce mutations in the bacterial tests, but they were genotoxic in a series of tests on cells in vitro, as well as in exposed mice in vivo. Embryotoxicity of nanotubes depends mainly on their modifications and carcinogenicity – primarily on the CNT size and its rigidity. Occupational exposure limits for CNTs proposed by world experts fall within the range of 1–80 μg/m³. The different effects of various kinds of CNT, leads to the conclusion that each type of nanotube should be treated as a separate substance with individual estimation of hygienic normative. Med Pr 2017;68(2):259–276

PL

Nanorurki węglowe (carbon nanotubes – CNT) są grupą nanoobiektów zróżnicowaną pod względem budowy, rozmiaru (długości i średnicy), kształtu oraz własności. Dzięki wielu interesującym właściwościom znajdują szerokie zastosowanie w różnych dziedzinach. Rosnące zainteresowanie tymi strukturami pociąga za sobą zwiększenie liczby osób pracujących w narażeniu na CNT. Ekspozycja zawodowa na nanorurki może występować zarówno w laboratoriach prowadzących nad nimi badania, jak i w zakładach produkujących CNT lub zawierające je nanokompozyty. Poziomy stężeń liczbowych CNT w pobliżu źródła ich emisji mogą sięgać wielkości rzędu 10⁷ cząstek/cm³. Wartości te jednak znacznie się obniżają po zastosowaniu odpowiedniej wentylacji. Z badań na zwierzętach wynika, że główną drogą narażenia jest inhalacja. Nie ma dowodów na wchłanianie przez skórę. Nanorurki węglowe podawane drogą pokarmową w znacznym stopniu są wydalane z kałem. Nie opisano metabolizmu nanorurek węglowych. W badaniach inhalacyjnych na zwierzętach CNT wywoływały głównie stan zapalny, na skutek stresu oksydacyjnego, prowadząc przede wszystkim do zmian w płucach. U zwierząt narażanych drogą dermalną główny efekt to stres oksydacyjny wywołujący miejscowy stan zapalny. Najmniej objawów toksyczności zaobserwowano u zwierząt eksponowanych drogą pokarmową. Nanorurki węglowe nie indukowały mutacji w testach bakteryjnych, jednak działały genotoksycznie w wielu testach prowadzonych zarówno na komórkach in vitro, jak również u narażanych myszy in vivo. Działanie embriotoksyczne CNT zależy głównie od ich modyfikacji, natomiast rakotwórcze – od rozmiaru i sztywności. Zaproponowane przez światowych ekspertów wartości dopuszczalnych poziomów narażenia zawodowego dla CNT mieszczą się w przedziale 1–80 μg/m³. Różnorodność skutków działania CNT skłania do tego, żeby każdy rodzaj nanorurek był traktowany jak oddzielna substancja wymagająca osobnego szacowania normatywu higienicznego. Med. Pr. 2017;68(2):259–276

Refine search results

4-Week inhalation toxicity of 2-methylnaphthalene in experimental animals

Hemimellitene (1,2,3-trimethylbenzene) in the liver, lung, kidney, and blood, and dimethylbenzoic acid isomers in the liver, lung, kidney and urine of rats after single and repeated inhalation exposure to hemimellitene

Toxic effect in the lungs of rats after inhalation exposure to benzalkonium chloride

The distribution and excretion of 1-methylnaphthalene in rats exposed to 1-methylnaphthalene by inhalation

Metabolism and in vitro assessment of the mutagenic activity of urinary extracts from rats after inhalation exposure to 1-methylnaphthalene

Acute lung injury in a worker after inhalation of ethylene phosphorodifluoridite

A systematic review of the health impacts of occupational exposure to wildland fires

Stosowanie inhalacji przez osoby po laryngektomii całkowitej

Nanorurki węglowe – charakterystyka substancji, działanie biologiczne i dopuszczalne poziomy narażenia zawodowego