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EN
Objectives The data regarding the health of professional tattooists is inexistent. Tattooists are usually heavily tattooed and exposed daily to body fluids and skin-to-skin contacts with customers, tattoo inks, solvents, allergens, irritants, and work for hours often in inadequate positions using vibrating tattoo machines. We analyzed the health status of active French professional tattooists. Material and Methods An observational self-reported Internet survey was performed among 448 tattooists who were members of the French Tattoo Union in November 2013. Results The main physical complaints were musculoskeletal: back pain (65%), finger pain (41.5%) and muscular pain (28.8%). Finger pain, back pain, muscular pain and carpal tunnel symptoms/tingling sensations on the fingers occurred among 88%, 61.5%, 68% and 84% of the cases after having started their activity (p < 0.001). Other chronic diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancers remained at a low level here. Conclusions Professional tattooists have a high prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints about back pain due to repetitive movements, awkward postures and use of a vibrating tattoo machine. Tattooists have a unique environment that imply developing intervention and preventive strategies for them. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(1):111–120
EN
The article presents small volume of art theories beginning with the period when the independent landscape painting was scarcely known and concluding with the age when it became a predominant theme. The art critics of early China where also artists, and the translated essays were all written by the famous painters as their intimate records.
PL
W artykule zostały omówione klasyczne teksty poświęcone malarstwa napisane przez Gu Kaizhi 顧愷之, Zong Binga 宗炳, Wang Weia 王 i Xie He 谢赫, które podążają w kierunku wyznaczonym przez chińską estetykę. Sporo pojęć i terminów ich teorii sztuki przyjęło się i na trwałe weszło do kanonu chińskiej estetyki. Odrzucono wszelkiego rodzaju odstępstwa od praw przyrody i ludzkiego życia. Artysta powinien odtwarzać nie kształt zewnętrzny, lecz istoty wewnętrznej. Malarz powinien raczej sugerować niż opisywać. Stworzenie czystej pustki jest dużo bardziej pożądane niż ukazanie detali obiektów.
EN
The testament’s examination should be methodologically approached very carefully by the document examiner. He has to take into consideration the clinical condition of the presumed testator, the particular historical circumstances of the testament’s production, and information regarding the age of the writer and his personal history. Presentation of different cases with particularities which could orientate the investigation’s hypothesis and lead to the right conclusion.
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