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1

The notion of mixed contract

100%

Krzemiński G.

Studia Prawnicze

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2010

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issue 3-4(185-186)

243-271

EN

The issue of mixed contracts in Polish doctrine of civil law returns every now and then. It certainly requires proper solution and proves that attempts at rejecting it as an independent category have not brought us any nearer to solving the problem. For ages, since the Roman times mixed contracts have been the subject matter of thorough analyses and interesting solutions. Also in Polish legal literature the necessity of distinguishing an independent category of mixed contracts has been repeatedly emphasised (see Chapter 2, item 3). Also, many years ago this issue was stressed by M. Sośniak, whose timeless studies were invaluable help when writing this dissertation. A dichotomic division into nominate and innominate contracts imposed on Polish doctrine turned out to be insufficient. This is proved both by the complicated of contemporary contractual relations, which are too difficult to be confined within rigid forms regulated by codes and other acts in the form of nominate contracts, and by caselaw. In the Fascicle 1 (12) 2009 “Studies in Private Law” issued in 2009, Wojciech J. Katner presented an article entitled “The notion of innominate contract” forerunning the publication of the issued in May 2010 Volume 9 Private Law System. Contract Law – innominate contracts. However, the omission of an independent category of mixed contracts in Volume 9 Private Law System, especially for the reason of the reputation of the previous issues, gives rise to disregarding the vast theoretical output related to this category of contracts. Instead of using the output – it is rejected as useless, in the name of maintaining the correctness of logical division without paying more attention to the doctrine analysis. No one doubts the fact that mixed contracts do not manifest full constructive novelty, which constitutes a distinctive feature of innominate contracts. Mixed contracts are more or less a coherent blend of the previously appearing contract elements. The point is, this blend should be so coherent (as opposed to nexus of contracts) that it could justify the existance of a separate, independent contract. The issue raised in this dissertation aims at outlining the extensive theoretical output connected with this category of contracts as well as indicating how it can be used when classifying such such contracts as either a mixed or an innominate contract with different consequences of that.

2

Umowy koncernowe.

88%

Polańska K.

Państwo i Społeczeństwo

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2015

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issue 1

87-96

EN

The aim of this paper is to briefly describe concern contracts. In view of dynamic development of economic relations, there is a variety of contractual relations. The first part of the paper analyzes the causes of making corporations. Article describes internal and external economic objectives, contributing to the formation of koncernowych structures. Economic factors like development of enterprises result to concentration of capital within the framework of concern. The second part of the paper refers to division of concern contracts on vertical concern contracts and horizontal concern contracts. Content both type of contracts is analyzed with special regard into german law. Elaboration in next part presents character of concern contracts. It takes consideration in problem with residual polish regulation of concern contracts, included article 7 Code of Commercial Companies. In Poland concern contract is an unspecified agreement, meaning that it is not regulated by any legal act. The summary of the paper, based on the analysis of concern contracts, presents conclusions to form legal relations based on the principle of freedom of contract, favouring development of entrepreneurs. Considerations at this point lead to the conclusion that not every innominate contract is of a transitory nature. Certain innominate contracts are of a permanent nature and there is no need to put them in the statutory framework. Evolution of the economy leads to creation of new needs of entrepreneurs, for whom it is more convenient to be able to form binding relationship in a flexible way, which is in turn possible thanks to the freedom to contract.

3

Charakter prawny ubezpieczenia na życie z ubezpieczeniowym funduszem kapitałowym

63%

Mrozowska-Bartkiewicz B.

Prawo Asekuracyjne

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2015

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vol. 2(83)

25-38

PL

Ubezpieczenia na życie z ubezpieczeniowym funduszem kapitałowym są stosunkowo nowym produktem ubezpieczeniowym. Cechy tego produktu były przedmiotem analizy przez doktrynę, a nawet stawiania tezy, iż jest to umowa nienazwana, a nie umowa ubezpieczenia. Artykuł zawiera polemikę z tymi poglądami, powołuje się na istniejące przepisy prawa, zarówno krajowego jak i unijnego, przytaczając orzecznictwo dotyczące świadczenia głównego z tytułu tego ubezpieczenia. Omówione zostały cechy charakterystyczne umów na życie z ufk oraz sposób obliczania świadczenia, co odróżnia te umowy od pozostałych umów ubezpieczenia na życie.

EN

Unit-linked life insurance contracts are relatively new insurance products. Their characteristics have been analysed by the doctrine, and even a thesis has been put forward that it is an innominate rather than insurance contract. The present article includes polemics with these views, and relies on the existing both Polish and EU legal regulations, citing the case-law concerning the main benefit under this insurance. Moreover, the characteristic features of unit-linked insurance contracts have been discussed as well as the method of the benefit calculation, which distinguishes these agreements from other life insurance contracts.

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1 Państwo i Społeczeństwo

1 Prawo Asekuracyjne

1 Studia Prawnicze

1 Krzemiński G.

1 Mrozowska-Bartkiewicz B.

1 Polańska K.

2 2015

1 2010

The notion of mixed contract

Umowy koncernowe.

Charakter prawny ubezpieczenia na życie z ubezpieczeniowym funduszem kapitałowym