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EN
Ecological meaning being in accord with the nature; ecological is a natural. The ecological protection is a concern for the naturalness. In the case of a man (the human person) this means not only a protection of the nature but also of the society and the info component. These are integral areas of the natural environment of man-person. The ecological protection is the care of a man; it is to be able to realize the meaning and purpose of the existence of the human person – so that man could live in accordance with his naturalness. It is a moral imperative. The morality in this case is a set of natural rules. Their observance helps maintain the naturalness of the world. Education, especially the institutional education, helps in maintaining the ecological state of the world. The school is seen as a specific ecological niche. The actions against the education destroy the naturalness of environment; destroy natural environment of the human person and of man-person.
EN
Institutional support, reflected not only in legislative solutions, but also in external funding as a means of financial support, is of strategic importance for the success of new power investments, the guarantee of energy security of individual areas, and the socio-economic development of the region where new energy enterprises are located. The present study aims to follow the external funding of biogas investments carried out in Poland, both in the aspect of legal regulations, and the offered co-financing of biogas projects. Considering that biogas enterprises are located and operate in specific places and local systems, the present research problem is tackled from the perspective of the functioning of biogas plants in the local environment. The success of biogas projects and the entire energy transformation process depends, on the one hand, on the harmonisation of activities at the central, national level and, on the other hand, on taking into account the specific socio-economic features that characterise the location of the biogas plant. Therefore, providing comprehensive institutional support for investment for biogas enterprises requires equipping local institutions, including local authorities, with appropriate instruments to shape and monitor the agricultural biogas market at the local level.
EN
In her review of the second volume of the History of Cinema (Historia kina. Kino klasyczne, ed. Tadeusz Lubelski, Iwona Sowińska, Rafał Syska, 2011), the author draws attention to the ambiguity of the title concept of Classic Cinema. The opalescent nature of the term has been consciously exploited by the editors of the book. Kempna-Pieniążek argues that the second volume of the History of Cinema is dominated by three understandings of film classicism: institutional, stylistic and cinephilic. The first of these is represented by those authors who look at the organizational structures, modes of production, historical, political and social contexts of development of film art. The second is specific to researchers who analyse “classic” in terms of transnational formula of aesthetic of film that is subjected to local modifications. And the third kind of understanding leads to the combination of “classical” with the “classic”. While taking note of some minor defects of the book, the author of the review stresses the value of the volume, that she considers to be a good compendium of knowledge and a useful teaching aid in the area of history of film.
EN
THE POLISH BANKING SYSTEM IN A HISTORICAL APPROACH : FROM SYSTEMIC TRANSFORMATION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION Abstract The orientation towards economic development, as well as the social determination to join the European Union (EU), were among the main motives behind the reforms of Polish public institutions and changes to neoliberal economic policy. Thus, the main goal of this article is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the above-mentioned transformations that took place in Poland after 1989, focusing on the institutional adjustments introduced in the banking sector. Applying the institutional approach, the considerations are based on the main stages of its formation and development (including the legislative milestones), as well as its adaptation to future membership in the EU. At the same time, in order to provide the reader with a more comprehensive perspective of the Polish case, the time frame of the deliberations is being extended to the period corresponding to the recent Great Recession, comprised of the economic and financial crisis (2008) and the debt crisis (2010), as well as completed with final thoughts about the possible influence of the pandemic by COVID-19.
PL
Zorientowanie na rozwój gospodarczy, a także społeczna determinacja w celu wejścia do Unii Europejskiej (UE) były jednymi z głównych motywów reform polskich instytucji publicznych oraz zmian w kierunku neoliberalnej polityki gospodarczej. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest dokonanie pogłębionej analizy przemian, jakie zaszły w Polsce po 1989 roku, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem dostosowań wprowadzonych w sektorze bankowym. Zastosowano podejście instytucjonalne, a zrealizowane rozważania opierają się na kluczowych etapach powstawania i rozwoju sektora bankowego oraz jego adaptacji do przyszłego członkostwa w UE. Jednocześnie, aby przybliżyć pełniejszą perspektywę polskiej sprawy, rozszerzono ramy czasowe przemyśleń o okres odpowiadający wielkiej recesji, do której przyczynił się kryzys gospodarczy i finansowy (2008) oraz kryzys zadłużeniowy (2010), a także uzupełniono tekst o końcowe refleksje na temat możliwego wpływu pandemii COVID-19 na sektor.
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