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The editorial policy of the Review of International American Studies and stylesheet for Contributors.
EN
The aim of the present article is to present the typology of listening comprehension skills activated during Polish language lessons. What the author claims is that in Polish school two types of listening co-exist, namely: natural and activated. The former resembles conditions of natural communication, since a student assumes the role of text recipient, whereas the latter is a process of teaching the skills of listening comprehension. Based on questions and instructions elicited from selected school handbooks shows in what way the activated type of listening comprehension is taught as a part of Polish as a mother tongue lessons.
EN
The study departs from previous research of the early systematic flood prevention throughout the Czech lands. It is based on archive sources dating to the last two decades of the 18th century, which have practically not been employed yet, in order to follow the efforts of the Czech administration aimed at preventing flood damages – mainly in 1789 and 1795 – and also describes the situation under which the earliest known printed Prague flood instructions were issued in February 1795.
EN
Initially, the article describes the perfect educational tour for a young nobleman in the 16th and 17th centuries. However, the ideal, as exemplified by the instructions and advice of parents, was in stark contrast with the actual behaviour of the students. Their excesses, triggered by leaving their family nests, their youth and pride in their heritage, took many forms. Among them were laziness, lack of respect for teachers, scuffles with other Poles or foreign students, drinking, gambling and fornicating. Such behaviour disgraced the young noblemen and led to them being expelled from universities, being incarcerated, or having to pay fines. Sometimes, the young men caught venereal diseases as a result of their sexual promiscuity, or sired illegitimate offspring. A number of them died due to excessive drinking and eating, or during street duels. The lives of Polish students have been described in numerous accounts from the universities of Padua, Bologna, Rome, Leiden and Altdorf.
EN
The author focuses on the creation of the monarchical administration in Upper Lusatia as one of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, after the mid-16th century, when significant changes in this area were made. The supreme powers were essentially divided between two officials who were also the sovereign’s representatives in the land: the traditional reeve and the newly established governor.
EN
The authors who are speech therapists in the field of logopaedics dealing discuss the therapy of people who stammer taking into account the social aspect. They present some practical instructions concerning the process of speech therapy so as to answer the questions asked by people who stammer, their parents/legal quardians, teachers and therapists.
EN
The article is devoted to the question of improvement of quality and efficiency of professional training of future technicians in aviation industry in the American educational establishments. Main attention is paid to the studies of pedagogical technologies, which are used for the sake of qualitative and efficient training of specialists of aviation industry. The main purpose of vocational education and training is to help students to develop a way of thinking that would enable them in understanding the technical systems and master learning at the conceptual level. It is a well known fact that researches of pedagogical technologies are aimed at the development of mental models. They are important because: first - they make possible a reduction of time for training.That is rather essential taking into account the fact how much time the “transformation” of a student’s level of knowledge from a novice to an experienced worker takes. The researches of pedagogical technologies help to find a optimum ways for acquisition of expert type of thinking. Secondly, pedagogical technologies help to cut down expenses on training. This is especially topical during professional training of technicians, who are to better understand structural, functional, behavioral aspects of technical systems. In addition, they must effectively operate in troubleshooting in the system which also shortens financial expenses on the maintenance of equipment.
EN
A critical edition of the oldest Lublin sejmik instruction for the Warszawa Sejm delegates in 1570. The edition is based on a copy of a 16th-century manuscript made in 1943 by Stanisław Bodniak. It was stored in the Krasiński Library at that time and destroyed during World War II. The catalogue of matters mentioned in the instruction by the regional council of Lublin is wide: issues of border disputes with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, financial problems (taxes, coin and treasury reform), systemic problems (organisation of the state during the interregnum, the issue of securing the property of the royal offspring) and foreign policy. Much space has been devoted in the instruction to the legal situation of the supporters of the Reformation. The nobility of Lublin was clearly in favour of depriving Church courts of jurisdiction over laity. The instruction of the regional council of Lublin is an important source of information about the moods and opinions of the nobility in the early 1570s.
PL
Edycja krytyczna najstarszej instrukcji sejmiku lubelskiego dla posłów na sejm walny warszawski w 1570 r. Podstawą edycji jest kopia sporządzona w 1943 r. przez Stanisława Bodiaka, na podstawie szesnastowiecznego rękopisu przechowywanego wówczas w Bibliotece Krasińskich w Warszawie, a zniszczonego podczas II wojny światowej. Katalog spraw poruszonych w instrukcji przez sejmik jest szeroki: kwestie sporów granicznych z Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim, problemy finansowe (podatki, reforma monety i skarbu), ustrojowe (organizacja państwa podczas bezkrólewia, sprawa zabezpieczenia majątkowego królewskiego potomstwa) oraz polityka zagraniczna. Szczególnie wiele miejsca poświęcono w instrukcji sytuacji prawnej zwolenników Reformacji. Szlachta lubelska wyraźnie opowiadała się m.in. za odebraniem sądom kościelnym jurysdykcji nad świeckimi. Instrukcja sejmiku lubelskiego jest ważnym źródłem do poznania nastrojów i opinii szlacheckich na początku lat siedemdziesiątych XVI w.
EN
Baptism for those who are under the age of 14 in the Archdiocese of Lublin is governed by the statutes of the Second Synod of the Lublin Diocese and the Instructions on Baptism in the Archdiocese of Lublin of 28 April 2017, with appropriate attachments (the chancellery forms). The basis for baptism for persons under the age of 14 is a request or consent expressed by at least one of the parents or legal guardians. In the case of children of catechetical age (7-14 years), the candidate’s expressed desire to receive the sacrament is also required. It is the responsibility of parents and the whole Church to give religious upbringing to children who have been baptized so that they may personally confess their faith in due time.
PL
Udzielanie chrztu świętego osobom, które nie ukończyły 14. roku życia, w archidiecezji lubelskiej zostało uregulowane w statutach II Synodu Diecezji Lubelskiej oraz w Instrukcji o udzielaniu sakramentu chrztu w Archidiecezji Lubelskiej z dnia 28 kwietnia 2017 r., do której dołączono formularze kancelaryjne (załączniki). Podstawą do udzielenia chrztu osobom poniżej 14. roku życia jest prośba lub zgoda wyrażona przynajmniej przez jednego z rodziców lub prawnych opiekunów. W przypadku dzieci w wieku katechetycznym (7-14 lat) wymagane jest również wyrażenie woli przyjęcia sakramentu przez samego kandydata. Na rodzicach i całym Kościele spoczywa obowiązek wychowania w wierze dzieci, które przyjęły chrzest, aby z czasem mogły ją osobiście wyznawać.
EN
Optimizing Certificate German (ZD) Test Preparation with Regard to Task Form Placement and progress tests are used to provide optimum instruction. Experience with test task forms at various times in various situations increase task related skills and reduce test anxiety – closed tasks exercising recognition; open tasks production. Very important are skills in comprehending test task instructions and carrying them out. As an alternative to the more stressful schoolroom work, E-tests and CD-ROM work facilitate and stimulate preparation so long as the desired goals are kept in the forefront.
PL
Przedmiotem podjętych analiz są wskazówki i instrukcje na temat samodzielnego wykonywania zabawek z papieru dla dzieci na początku XX wieku. Podstawowym źródłem badań uczyniono czasopismo „Moje Pisemko. Tygodnik Obrazkowy dla Dzieci”, ukazujące się w Warszawie w latach 1902–1936. Celem badań jest problemowa systematyka oraz odtworzenie porad związanych z samodzielnym wykonywaniem zabawek przez dzieci, proponowanych i popularyzowanych na łamach czasopisma. Analizie poddano 13 roczników z lat 1902–1915. Jak wynika z dokonanych ustaleń, prasa dla dzieci stanowi doskonałe, choć jeszcze niewyzyskane poznawczo źródło do dziejów zabawek dziecięcych. Na łamach „Mojego Pisemka” publikowano szereg wskazówek do samodzielnego wykonywania zabawek z różnych, tanich i łatwo dostępnych materiałów – drewna, tkanin, włóczki, gliny, miękiszu chleba, owoców, warzyw, liści, wydmuszek jajek itp. Jednak wśród instrukcji dominowały zabawki z papieru, z którego można było zrobić niemal wszystko - lalki, sprzęty i akcesoria do lalczynego gospodarstwa, meble, układanki i łamigłówki, teatrzyki, ozdoby choinkowe, a nawet zabawek pływające i latające.
EN
The object of the undertaken analyses is the tips and instructions on how to make DIY paper toys at the beginning of the 20th century. The magazine “Moje Pisemko. Tygodnik Obrazkowy dla Dzieci” [“My Little Magazine. A Picture Weekly for Children”], published in Warsaw in the years 1902-1936, was the source basis of the findings made. The purpose of the research was the problematic systematization and reconstruction of the advice related to the making of toys by children on their own, given and popularized in the magazine. The analysis covered 13 annual volumes of the weekly from the years 1902-1915. Children’s and youth magazines constitute source material for the study of children’s toys in the past, which is an interesting, yet unexploited topic. They contain a lot of information on the specific features of toys, their appearance, and ways of using them while playing. It is in children’s magazines where we can find information about the most popular toys in a given historical period, provided in written texts such as stories, tales, literary pictures, poems, comedies, as well as iconographic materials illustrating these texts, such as graphics, lithographs, and photographs. Numerous instructions on how to make DIY toys addressed to little readers, published in the children’s magazines from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, are also a combination of text and graphics.
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