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EN
Secret services inherited from the former system were not in any way adjusted to the conditions of a free, open society or to the created standards of a democratic state of law. The new authorities of the democratic country faced the problem of building their own secret services subordinated to the rules of a sovereign state. It was necessary to choose the way to create them as well as establish their organizational shape, competences and tasks. The idea of a revolution in the services was given up and the intermediate variant was chosen. It was radical in its content but gentle in form. The model shaped in 1990 was based on dividing secret services into civil and military ones. The former were subordinated to the Minister of the Interior, then to the Prime Minister, whereas the latter – to the Minister of National Defense. The Office for State Protection (UOP) was the service performing the tasks of civil intelligence and counterintelligence. With time, it was granted the competences from the field of combating organized crime aimed at the economic basis of the state. UOP was the leading service in the system of institutions of the state’s security. The Military Information Services (WSI) were the old internal services of the armed forces modified only in a slight degree. In the second stage of the reform of 2002, UOP was divided into two separate agencies. Internal Security Agency took over the majority of competences and tasks of UOP. The Foreign Intelligence Agency is responsible for foreign intelligence. Liquidation of WSI realized in 2006 in a rapid manner introduced chaos and disorganization in military services, which till today feel the consequences of the operation performed then. According to the declarations of the government, new reforms await secret services in 2013.
PL
Artykuł stanowi analizę struktury organizacji Hezbollah oraz funkcjonowania jednego z jej najbardziej zakonspirowanych elementów – Aparatu Militarnego i Bezpieczeństwa. Zawiera także między innymi analizę funkcjonowania wywiadu i kontrwywiadu organizacji. W pracy określono znaczenie Aparatu Militarnego i Bezpieczeństwa oraz jego wpływ na kształt organizacji.
EN
The paper analyses the structure of Hezbollah and its Military and Security Apparatus, which is the most covert element of the Party of God. The author focuses on Apparatus functioning and attempts to describe its modus operandi. The paper also contains information about a few selected intelligence and counterintelligence operations as well as the attempt to determine the significance of the Apparatus and its influence on Hezbollah.
PL
Zamierzeniem artykułu jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy działalność wywiadu Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej stanowi zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa państwa polskiego oraz interesów jego obywateli. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane aspekty działalności służb wywiadowczych ChRL. Omówiono nastawianie władz chińskich do działań szpiegowskich oraz znaczenie niejawnie zdobytych informacji dla rozwoju gospodarczego i politycznego Państwa Środka. Przedstawiono również główne metody i sposoby działań służb wywiadowczych ChRL, w tym aktywne wykorzystywanie licznej diaspory chińskiej. Przeanalizowano skalę działań podejmowanych przez Chińską Republikę Ludową w celu uzyskania istotnych informacji oraz rozmiar zaangażowanych środków. W dalszej części artykułu zaprezentowano główne kierunki, zarówno podmiotowe, jak i przedmiotowe, zainteresowania wywiadu ChRL. Przeanalizowanie wskazanych wyżej aspektów szpiegowskiej działalności podejmowanej przez Państwo Środka prowadzi do wniosku, że służby wywiadowcze Chin osiągnęły status służb globalnych, działających z ogromnym rozmachem we wszystkich zakątkach świata. Ta konstatacja prowadzi z kolei do wniosku, że wywiad ChRL jest istotnym zagrożeniem także dla bezpieczeństwa Polski.
EN
The main goal of the presented paper is to answer the question if the activity of the Chinese intelligence poses a threat to Polish state, its interest and welfare of its citizens. To fulfill this task, the presented paper depicts the chosen aspects of the activities of the Chinese intelligence services. The paper is concerned, inter alia, with the attitude of the Chinese government towards intelligence activity and with the importance of a confidential data to development of the Chinese industry. There have also been presented the main means and methods, used by Chinese services to acquire coveted data, including the activities and wide utilization of the so called Overseas Chinese. A passage is also devoted to the issue of the scale of conducted actions and the magnitude of means that are used to collect important information. The further part of the paper describes the major, both subjective as well as objective, directions of the Chinese intelligence’s interests. The analyses lead to the conclusions that the Chinese intelligence services have attained the position of global, spy institutions that operate in any country and seek any information. These statement in turn, allows to enunciate the thesis that the Chinese intelligence poses a real threat to Poland as well.
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