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  1. 3 Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

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Monitorowanie wypowiedzi a realizacja intencji w procesie mówienia

100%
Bręński S.
Człowiek i Społeczeństwo
|
2020
|
vol. 50
EN
Speech production is complex and high organized process. It starts with some intention, which in following steps is transformed into articulated and audible form. Sometimes speech production fails and results in a speech error (or a slip of the tongue), which changes meaning of the utterance and disturbs the process of the realization of intention. However, speech monitoring helps to detect and repair the error with respect to the original intention of the speaker. Thus the speaking appears as a way of the realization of intention and the intention plays integrational function in relation to the process of speaking. According to Frydrychowicz (1999), the process of the realization of intention can be divided into several phases, distinguished by psychophysical features of speaking. He found that voice intensity is highest when the speaker is close to fully realizing the intention. The aim of the current study is to examine this voice intensity effect in relation to speech error repairs as speaking units which re-establish the process of the realization of intention. The question is, howthese corrections of the course of speech are reflected in the voice intensity? The results obtained from errors and repairs induced in the dual task paradigm show that voice intensity rises when the speaker makes a self-repair by speaking a correct word.
2

Speech Acts, Criteria and Intentions

94%
Navarro-Reyes J.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
|
2010
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vol. 6
|
issue 1
145-170
EN
What makes a speech act a speech act? Which are its necessary and sufficient conditions? I claim in this paper that we cannot find an answer to those questions in Austin's doctrine of the infelicities, since some infelicities take place in fully committing speech acts, whereas others prevent the utterance from being considered as a speech act at all. With this qualification in mind, I argue against the idea that intentions-considered as mental states accomplishing a causal role in the performance of the act-should be considered among the necessary conditions of speech acts. I would thus like to deny a merely ‘symptomatic’ account of intentions, according to which we could never make anything but fallible hypotheses about the effective occurrence of any speech act. I propose an alternative ‘criterial’ account of the role of intentions in speech acts theory, and analyse Austin's and Searle's approaches in the light of this Wittgensteinian concept. Whether we consider, with Austin, that speech acts ‘imply’ mental states or, with Searle, that they ‘express’ them, we could only make sense of this idea if we considered utterances as criteria for intentions, and not as alleged behavioural effects of hidden mental causes.
3
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Intencja przyjęcia chrztu u dorosłego

84%
Jakubiak T.
Annales Canonici
|
2013
|
vol. 9
EN
As far as the reception of baptism is concerned, everyone who has attained the use of reason has the rights and responsibilities of an adult. Those who are not of sound mind, or incapable of personal responsibility, are considered to be infants. An adult cannot be validly baptized without wanting to be baptized. A person who attained the use of reason and subsequently lost it, must have made while rational the intention of being baptized in order to receive validly the sacrament. This manifestation of will constitutes a requirement ad validitatem of celebration of baptism.Most of all canonists maintained that a habitual intention is sufficient: that is, intention once given is withdrawn, and current or virtual intention is, therefore, unnecessary. Some of them added that it is also sufficient for the intention to be implicit, e.g. contained in the explicit intention of doing whatever God or Jesus wants.
PL
As far as the reception of baptism is concerned, everyone who has attained the use of reason has the rights and responsibilities of an adult. Those who are not of sound mind, or incapable of personal responsibility, are considered to be infants. An adult cannot be validly baptized without wanting to be baptized. A person who attained the use of reason and subsequently lost it, must have made while rational the intention of being baptized in order to receive validly the sacrament. This manifestation of will constitutes a requirement ad validitatem of celebration of baptism.Most of all canonists maintained that a habitual intention is sufficient: that is, intention once given is withdrawn, and current or virtual intention is, therefore, unnecessary. Some of them added that it is also sufficient for the intention to be implicit, e.g. contained in the explicit intention of doing whatever God or Jesus wants.
4
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Social-cognitive variables as predictors of intention to undergo breast reconstruction

83%
Życińska J.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2015
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vol. 46
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issue 1
88-95
EN
The aim of the study was to determine the role of self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and risk perception (including consequences of mastectomy) in formulating the intention to undergo breast reconstruction in 178 women after total mastectomy. The social-cognitive variables were measured in the context of breast reconstruction, while depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. The structural equation modeling revealed that among the predictors there were only two that accounted for the intention to undergo breast reconstruction, i.e. self-efficacy and outcome expectancies (R2 = .67). Subsequent analyses of the related moderators, i.e. depression, age, and duration of the disease indicated a good fit to the data. Nevertheless, in subgroups with poorer resources (older age, depression, and longer duration of the disease) the direct effects of self-efficacy on intention were less noticeable or non-existent. The results suggest that self-efficacy may play the regulating role in making a breast reconstruction decision if individual resources are taken into account.
5
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Predicting intention to share news through social media: An empirical analysis in Indonesian youth context

83%
Sihombing S. O.
Business and Economic Horizons
|
2017
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vol. Volume 13
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issue Issue 4
468-477
EN
The development of digital technology encourages the growth of social media. Social media becomes a platform for sharing news, information, images, and many other things. News spreads faster and becomes viral. This phenomenon can be regarded as a "news-find-me" phenomenon. The aim of this research is to assess the relationship between information sharing, entertainment, and socialization as three main predictors of attitude towards news sharing. This research also assesses the relationship between attitude and intention to share news. The data was collected through a survey with the non-probability sampling technique. Specifically, a purposive sampling design involving 200 respondents was applied. The data then were analyzed by applying structural equation modeling. Results show that all research hypotheses were supported.
6

Uwagi o problemie podążania za regułą

83%
Wcisło B.
Edukacja Filozoficzna
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2016
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issue 61
117-136
EN
We consider Kripke’s interpretations of Wittgensteinian rule-following considerations. We claim that the main skeptical argument presented by Kripke fails to address the issue whether it is possible to have an intention of performing certain behavior in certain specific circumstances which a subject is able to recognize. We claim that if the rulefollowing skepticism recognizes possibility of having such intentions, then its findings do not imply its most radical intended consequences concerning semantics. Moreover, we think that in such case the subject might have an intention to compute values of recursive number-theoretic functions. On the other hand, it seems to us that Kripke presents no actual argument against the possibility of this restricted kind of intentions and that it should not be treated as prima facie controversial.
7
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The relationship between general and specifi c self-effi cacy during the decision-making process considering treatment

83%
Życińska J., Kuciej A., Syska-Sumińska J.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
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2012
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vol. 43
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issue 4
278-287
EN
The aim of the study was to confi rm the mediation effects of the task-specifi c self-effi cacy on the relationship between the general self-effi cacy and intention and planning considering treatment. The study comprised 265 subjects, of which 165 were post-mastectomy women and 100 patients hospitalized due to acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The variables were assessed using the Generalized Self-Effi cacy Scale (GSES) and tools developed to examine the context of treatment. The data were analyzed using the bootstrapping procedure. The results confi rmed the indirect effects of task-specifi c self-effi cacy, both in women making a decision to undergo breast reconstruction, and in patients after ACS formulating intention to change risk behaviours. As smoking was considered to be a moderator in the post-ACS group, the obtained associations were observed only among the patients declaring quitting smoking. In view of the fact that taskspecifi c self-effi cacy is susceptible to context (e.g. it may depend on quitting smoking), it is useful to assess it in order to increase treatment effectiveness.
8
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Manipulace - konceptuální analýza

83%
Bělohrad R.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2019
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vol. 67
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issue 1
21-43
EN
Manipulation is frequently exploited as a means of interpersonal influence, and it takes a whole range of forms. The concept of manipulation has usually been analysed in popular-psychological publications, and philosophical attention has hitherto passed it by. Nevertheless, it raises interesting questions, especially in relation to autonomy, rationality and morality. The aim of this work is to provide a conceptual analysis of the concept of manipulation against the background of some contested examples. Several philosophical theories are in turn presented, and they are critically evaluated and applied to the contested examples. The paper defends the claim that, behind all the various forms of manipulation, there lies one important condition – the real intention of the manipulator is covered up.
DE
Manipulation ist eine häufig verwendete Art der zwischenmenschlichen Beeinflussung, die vielerlei Gestalt annehmen kann. Der Begriff Manipulation wird meist in populärpsychologischen Publikationen analysiert und genießt in der Philosophie bislang nicht allzu große Aufmerksamkeit. Dennoch wirft er eine ganze Reihe interessanter Fragen auf, insbesondere im Bezug auf Autonomie, Rationalität und Moral. Ziel der vorliegenden Abhandlung ist es, vor dem Hintergrund kontroverser Beispiele eine Konzeptanalyse des Begriffs Manipulation vorzulegen. Dabei werden mehrere philosophische Theorien vorgestellt, die kritisch hinterfragt und auf die kontroversen Beispiele angewendet werden. Der Autor verteidigt die Behauptung, dass den verschiedenen Formen der Manipulation eine notwendige Bedingung zugrunde liegt – das Verbergen der tatsächlichen Absicht des Manipulators.
9
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What Have I Done?

83%
Chappell T.
Diametros
|
2013
|
issue 38
86-112
EN
An externalist view of intention is developed on broadly Wittgensteinian grounds, and applied to show that the classic Thomist doctrine of double effect, though it has good uses in casuistry, has also been overused because of the internalism about intention that has generally been presupposed by its users. We need a good criterion of what counts as the content of our intentional actions; I argue, again on Wittgensteinian grounds, that the best criterion comes not from foresight, nor from foresight plus some degree of probability, nor from any metaphysics of “closeness”, but simply from our ordinary shared understanding of what counts as doing a given action, and what does not.
10
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Hypotheses of Natural Phonology

83%
Donegan P., Stampe D.
Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics
|
2009
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vol. 45
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issue 1
1-31
EN
Natural Phonology characterizes production and perception of speech in terms of a set of universal phonetically motivated phonological processes. Before their first words, infants identify some processes as inapplicable in their language, which narrows their perceptual universe to its phonemic system and enables them to hear the intention rather than the actuation of speech. They then gradually inhibit the inapplicable processes to achieve mature pronunciation. If some inhibitions are not fully mastered, the child's speech seems to have a sound change, or perhaps a variable pronunciation, or a speech deficit. Processes that remain active govern allophony, variation, automatic alternations, one's native "accent", and one's "foreign" accent in second-language learning. Inactive processes may (re-)emerge to cope with stresses like injury or fatigue. This paper surveys some of the principal hypotheses of Natural Phonology, and we briefly compare them with Optimality Theory and recent neo-empiricist phonology. We argue that abstraction from actions to intentions is fundamental to learning and understanding language at every level from phonetics to pragmatics.
11
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The Doctrine of Double Effect and Medical Ethics: A New Formulation

83%
Sharifzadeh R.
Ethics in Progress
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2022
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vol. 13
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issue 2
42-56
EN
The standard version of the doctrine of double effect, a significant doctrine in applied ethics particularly medical ethics, not only fails to capture some morally significant components of Aquinas’ view, but it does not resort to proper complementary features in order to accommodate the doctrine to our moral intuitions. We attempt to offer a new formulation of the doctrine incorporating the main components of Aquinas’ view and also to extend the view using some complementary features. We will examine the strength of the formulation applying it into some ethically controversial situations, mainly in medical ethics.
12
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Медиастиль и его интенцонально-нарративная структура

72%
Klušina N. I.
Stylistyka
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2015
|
vol. 24
101-111
EN
In this article Mediastylistics as an independent scientific discipline which is a part of medialogia and stylistics is discussed. Integrative category of style is a basis forstylistics. Integrative category of mediastyle is a basis for mediastylistics. Mediastyle is more widely used than publicistic style which has been researched by functional stylistics. We are researching mediastyle by dividing the concepts of style and discourse. Mediastyle has an unique intentional and narrative structure. Intentionality of mediastyle shows its unique, narrative structure – its national content.
13
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Notatki z Folger

72%
Fish S.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka
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2009
|
issue 16
267-280
EN
The text written by Stanley Fish, which is an excerpt from his book Professional Correctness. Literary Studies and Political Change (Oxford 1995), is an attempt at a presentation and a discussion of the main conditioning factors and the aporia of interpretation. From among the four arguments given by the author, i.e. intention, historicalness, politicalness and interdisciplinarity, only the first one has been established to be an immanent feature of each of interpretations. This results from the conviction that while interpreting literary texts we are always subjected to the pressure of the surrounding premises. It is just the extensive and thorough analysis of these premises, to which the supporters of political, historical and interdisciplinary criticism refer to that makes the author of the sketch possible to show that behind each of the methods there are individual interests and a different vision of the world. To realize these determinants is to enable us to question the very need of universal interpretation. By questioning the theoretical fundamentals of the three mentioned modes of interpretation, the author admits frankly that the work of an interpreter can have both historical, political and just as well interdisciplinary character, though this observation is by all means tantamount to a recognition of the legitimacy of any of the criticized methods.
14
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The Performative Aspects of Metaphor: The Metaphorization of Silence between Intentionality and Conventionality

71%
Gołębiewska M.
Eidos. A Journal for Philosophy of Culture
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2019
|
vol. 3
|
issue 4(10)
5-20
EN
Metaphor, as is known, has been considered an expression of the creative approach of a subject to language and thinking. Metaphor enables the subject of cognition and action to establish meaning – the subject exercises semiosis not only by referring to the former convention and the situational context, but also by transforming it due to the distinct act of turning the metaphor into an instrument of expression. The innovative character of metaphor allows one to consider it in the context of performative theory, whereas its receptive, evocative character requires interpretation from the recipient. In both cases, metaphor in acts of communication, opens their participants towards specific expressions – performative expression in the case of individual semantic innovation, and receptive expression in the case of the interpretation of former metaphors. The specific example of silence, considered as a kind of metaphor within the frameworks of the performative theory, is the subject-matter of the paper. The basic question of the paper, referring to John L. Austin’s speech act theory and to his followers, is related to the source of the aforementioned metaphorization – to what degree is it an intention of language users, and to what degree is it a language convention which allows one to combine words and establish new associations metaphorically? In his pragmatic concept of meaning, Austin stresses the role of the context of an utterance – the situational context may also enable the establishment of metaphor as a figure of speech that dynamizes and moves our thinking.
15
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Zasada podwójnego skutku, zasada moralnej symetrii i kwestia legalizacji eutanazji

71%
Janikowski W.
Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne
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2013
|
issue nr 22
125-138
EN
In this essay I scrutinize importance of Principles of Double Effect and MoralSymmetry in regard to the question of moral acceptance of euthanasia legalization.My conclusion is that although there is no substantially moral difference betweenpassive and active euthanasia, the problem of morally justifiable legalization ofeuthanasia is still not resolved. That is because some reasons suggest the possibilityof special discrepancy between moral acceptability of euthanasia in certain cases andmoral demand to preserve legal prohibition of euthanasia in general. In the paperI criticize the popular opinion that utilitarianism cannot account of why we giveweight to the question of moral permissibility of intentions. I claim that contraryto this false platitude utilitarianism can even accommodate practical relevance ofPrinciple of Double Effect, but not as a valid per se principle.
16

Impoliteness Strategies in ‘House M.D.’

71%
Kantara A.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
|
2010
|
vol. 6
|
issue 2
305-339
EN
The research to be presented focuses on the impoliteness strategies used by the main character in the TV series "House, M.D." and the responses to them, as well as the potential reason(s)/intention(s) behind impoliteness use as indicated by (Culpeper 1996) and (Culpeper, Bousfield and Wichman 2003). The data comprised transcripts from Season 1, episodes 1-20, broadcast on Fox TV in 2004-2005, taken from http://twiztv.com/scripts/house. This paper argues that, following Leech's (1993) conception of irony, which is the same as Culpeper's conception of sarcasm, the latter being a pervasive feature of Dr House's conversational style, he does not overtly conflict the Politeness Principle but, according to Partington (2007), tries to be interesting, memorable and show alignment with the hearer. Thus he seems to try to preserve, in a way, social harmony by not causing great damage to his interlocutor's face but allowing him/her to arrive at the offensive point of his remark via an implicature. Furthermore, in the context of the hospital setting, although he has the legitimate power and the expert power, in Spencer-Oatey's (2000) terms, to be direct he opts for indirectness. Regarding intentions, his use of impoliteness towards his trainees might be compared to army training (Culpeper 1996), while his being impolite with his patients to the American adversarial legal system (Lakoff 1989). Lastly, the responses of Dr House's interlocutors, mainly his trainees, which gradually escalated in impoliteness, are in line with the consequences of workplace incivility (Anderson and Pearson 1999).
17
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„TROLLEYOLOGY” AND AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES – MORAL AND LEGAL QUESTIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF DOUBLE EFFECT

71%
Pődör L.
Central European Papers
|
2021
|
vol. 9
|
issue 1
69-82
EN
The paper focuses on a classical problem of ethics and law: the doctrine of double effect (DDE). Nowadays the doctrine is more and more popular since AI-technology and super- intelligent machines have been developing rapidly. Maybe autonomous vehicles’ most difficult dilemma is the following scenario: an autonomous car gets into an extreme road accident (collision) and the software should “decide” which direction-alternative to choose, but all of those possibilities end with death of human(s). This is a problem which requires a morally and legally justified answer. The principle emphasizes how to achieve a moral justification, what can be the classical cases of DDE and how to solve the most famous classical case, the trolley problem – which can be analogous to autonomous cars’ collision- case. The paper also higlights whether the doctrine is relevant from the perspective of legal justification and legal solutions, too.
18
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Úvod do aristotelsko-scholastické filosofie mysli

71%
Sousedík S.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
|
2018
|
vol. 66
|
issue 1
11-36
EN
The article is not a historical piece, but rather aims to contribute to contemporary discussion of its theme. The author draws freely on, above all, Thomist elements and he attempts, on their basis, to formulate a starting point for a theory of mind that would be acceptable today. For this reason documentary support in the form of citations of the historical sources is kept to a minimum. In order for the question to meet the interests of the contemporary reader appeal is made to several contemporary analyti­cally-orientated authors (mainly T. Nagel and J. R. Searle), who in their treatment of certain points of detail, defend positions similar to the author’s own. The account is divided into three parts. In the first (1), the author discusses consciousness in general, in the second (2) he concerns himself with simple (that is, without focusing on the object) conscious states, in the third part (3) he discusses states focusing on an object, that is, on intentional states. This part is further divided into two sub-sections: in the first (3.1) the author points to the materiality of sensory intention, in the second (3.2) the author attempts to show that the intentional objects of reason (which the author takes to be abstract objects) by their very immateriality point to the immateriality of intentions themselves (that is, the corresponding cognitive act), as well as the immateriality of their bearer. In this way the bases for further reflections on the human soul are clarified, although the author does not concern himself with these further reflections in this article.
19
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A tale of two Eberts: Videogames and the arbitrariness of meaning

71%
Kaczmarski P.
Replay. The Polish Journal of Game Studies
|
2021
|
vol. 8
|
issue 1
43-72
EN
The article revisits and examines in detail the so-called Ebert debate: an exchange of polemic voices between Roger Ebert, his opponents and supporters, on the issue of the relationship – both actual and potential – between games and works of art. Initiated by Ebert’s famous remarks that games can never be art, the debate offers a variety of views on the nature of art, the role of experience in art and games, the possibility of artistic expression in games, and the autonomy of art. The main point of the article is not so much to compare these views as to explain the contradiction at the heart of Ebert’s own argument: the critic seems to be constantly torn between the idea that games cannot be art in principle and the more practical view that it is impossible to know for certain that no games will ever become art. This contradiction seems to stem directly from Ebert’s inconsistent views as to the source of meaning in games, and it allows us to shed new light both on the nature of games as a medium, and on fundamental issues with contemporary games studies/criticism.
20
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Problematyka zamiaru a zabójstwo w stanie silnego wzburzenia usprawiedliwionego okolicznościami (art. 148 § 4 k.k.)

60%
Drabik D.
Forum Polityki Kryminalnej
|
2022
|
issue 1(3)
1-18
EN
The aim of this article is to present the issue of intention, which accompanies a perpetrator committing a crime under art. 148 § 4 of the penal code – homicide under the influence of intense agitation justified by the circumstances. The content discusses the specifics of this crime, referring both to the explanation of the concept of strong agitation (affect) and to the approximation of views on the circumstances that may justify acting in this state. The subject of the further part of the article is to explain the specificity of different forms of intention which are known to the Polish criminal law. The analysis includes direct intention (dolus directus), eventual intention (dolus eventualis), sudden intention (dolus repentinus) and premeditated intention (dolus premeditatus). The views of both representatives of criminal law and a wealth of judicial decisions are presented, which relate to attempts to clarify whether it is possible to commit the offence of art. 148 § 4 of the penal code in each of the mentioned intentions, and if so, how the mental processes of the perpetrator of this offence are shaped in each of these situations and what motivation may accompany it.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie problematyki zamiaru, jaki towarzyszy sprawcy popełniającemu przestępstwo z art. 148 § 4 k.k., czyli zabójstwo pod wpływem silnego wzburzenia usprawiedliwionego okolicznościami. Omówiono specyfikę tego przestępstwa, zarówno wyjaśniając pojęcie silnego wzburzenia (afektu), jak i przybliżając poglądy na temat okoliczności, które mogą usprawiedliwiać działanie w tym stanie. W dalszej części pracy wyjaśniono specyfikę różnych postaci zamiaru, które znane są polskiemu prawu karnemu. Dokonana analiza obejmuje: zamiar bezpośredni (dolus directus), zamiar ewentualny (dolus eventualis), zamiar nagły (dolus repentinus) oraz zamiar przemyślany (dolus premeditatus). Przedstawiono zarówno poglądy przedstawicieli prawa karnego, jak i bogate orzecznictwo sądowe, odnoszące się do próby wyjaśnienia, czy możliwe jest popełnienie przestępstwa z art. 148 § 4 k.k. w każdym z wymienionych zamiarów, a jeśli tak, to w jaki sposób kształtują się procesy psychiczne sprawcy tego przestępstwa w każdej z tych sytuacji oraz jaka motywacja może mu towarzyszyć.
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