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EN
After the breakout and the escalation of the Syrian civil war and because of its humanitarian consequences, Turkey now hosts the largest refugee community worldwide. This paper attempts to investigate the role of the international community in assisting Syrian refugees in Turkey. Beyond looking at the main elements of the Turkish government policies, this study focuses on the Emergency Social Safety Net Programme of the European Union, the World Food Programme and the Turkish Red Crescent. It also reviews the Turkish aspects of the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan of the United Nations. The primary purpose of the study is to provide a comparative analysis of the two programmes alongside the main objectives, results and difficulties. Beyond reviewing the essential international literature, the examination of this issue is principally based on data analysis of the reports of relevant international organisations. The Turkish government plays an important role in this crisis and the actions of international organisations complement the country’s domestic policies. Two international aid programmes are compared and a conclusion is reached that the Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan tries to balance urgent humanitarian needs with durable solutions, while the Emergency Social Safety Net Programme is determined by humanitarian aspects. Nonetheless, both initiatives address the challenges to the Turkish host community which are posed by the protracted refugee issue. While acknowledging the remaining gaps, challenges and the obvious complexity of the refugee situation in Turkey, it can be concluded that the aid initiatives discussed have developed innovative solutions to address this protracted crisis.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2022
|
vol. 54
|
issue 3
85-108
EN
The article is the first attempt to explain the role and attitude of the Belgian government-in-exile in the discussion on the tasks and functions of international organizations trying to ‘help the people to help themselves’, as announced by the founders of United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). The full support of the proposal by the Belgians seemed evident due to the action of the Committee for Relief in Belgium during World War I, which was kept in grateful memory. The article reveals why the government’s policy was different this time, what fears drove it, and what solutions were considered more appropriate to the Belgian raison d’état.
PL
Artykuł jest pierwszą próbą wyjaśnienia roli i postawy belgijskiego rządu na emigracji w dyskusji nad zadaniami i funkcjami międzynarodowej organizacji mającej help the people to help themselves, jak zapowiadali twórcy UNRRA. Pełne poparcie propozycji przez Belgów wydawało się oczywiste z racji zachowanej we wdzięcznej pamięci akcji Committee for Relief in Belgium podczas I wojny światowej. Autor pokazuje, dlaczego tym razem polityka rządu była inna, mówi o obawach, jakie rząd podzielał, oraz omawia rozwiązania uznane za odpowiadające belgijskiej racji stanu.
EN
In the article a strategic approach to the problem of maritime piracy and its implications in the context of maritime transport security is presented and evaluated. The article shows the problem of piracy in the most important regions of its presence, the intensity of the problem in the 90s of the 20th century and its contemporary aspect. Activities of the international community in the context of maritime piracy and help for fragile States for example, Somalia are presented and evaluated. The article ends with conclusions and probable development of the piracy in the following years, in which the author predicts that the deployed action, so far contributed to the reduction in the number of attacks, but to a small extent contributed to the improvement of the economic situation of the Somali population. The growing number of attacks in 2015 and 2016, suggests that the years to come may bring a further wave of piracy renaissance. If the aid is not increased and used with better precision, maritime piracy will remain a real threat to maritime transport.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano i oceniono strategiczne podejście do problemu piractwa morskiego i jego implikacji w kontekście bezpieczeństwa transportu morskiego. Ukazano problem piractwa w najważniejszych regionach jego występowania, intensywność występowania tego problemu w latach 90. XX wieku oraz jego współczesny aspekt. Zaprezentowano i oceniono działania społeczności międzynarodowej w kontekście zwalczania piractwa morskiego oraz pomocy dla państw dysfunkcyjnych na przykładzie Somalii. Artykuł kończy się wnioskami i prawdopodobnym rozwojem omawianego procederu w kolejnych latach, w których Autorka prognozuje, że wdrożone, jak do tej pory działania przyczyniły się do ograniczenia liczby ataków, ale w niewielkim stopniu przyczyniły się do poprawy sytuacji ekonomicznej ludności somalijskiej. W związku z zanotowaniem rosnącej liczby ataków w latach 2015 i 2016, kolejne lata mogą przynieść dalszą falę renesansu piractwa. Jeżeli udzielana pomoc nie zostanie zintensyfikowana i precyzyjniej wykorzystana, to piractwo morskie pozostanie realnym zagrożeniem dla transportu morskiego.
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