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Existence a intersubjektivita u Karla Jasperse

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Němec V.
Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)
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2021
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vol. 69
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issue 1
5-23
EN
The article focuses on the role of intersubjectivity in the philosophy of Karl Jaspers, concentrating above all on the third chapter of Philosophy, Vol. II in which Jaspers gives his most detailed exposition of the various forms of communication. At the same time, a detailed analysis of the basic modes of communication – which correspond to the different levels of the human self – facilitates our understanding the origin of the inadequacies and failures that occur in communication when it has not risen to the level of existential communication. Special attention is given to existential communication and its importance in the process of becoming oneself. The author argues that, especially in those passages that highlight the serious metaphysical consequences that follow from failures in communication, Jaspers is developing an implicit polemic with Martin Heidegger (in whose analyzes of authentic Dasein intersubjectivity played no role). In the conclusion, the author points out the connection between existential communication and the boundary situation of struggle.
CS
Článek je věnován roli intersubjektivity ve filosofii Karla Jasperse. Autor se zaměřuje především na 3. kapitolu z Philosophie II, kde Jaspers podává nejpodrobnější výklad různých podob komunikace. Detailní rozbor základních způsobů komunikace, jež odpovídají různým úrovním lidského Já, zároveň umožňuje objasnit původ nedostatečnosti a selhávání, k nimž dochází v komunikaci, pokud se nepozvedla na úroveň existenciální komunikace. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována právě existenciální komunikaci a jejímu významu v procesu stávání se sebou. Autor zastává tezi, že zejména v pasážích osvětlujících závažné metafyzické důsledky, jež plynou ze selhávání v komunikaci, Jaspers rozvíjí implicitní polemiku s Martinem Heideggerem, v jehož analýzách autentického pobytu intersubjektivita nehraje žádnou roli. V závěru pak autor poukazuje na souvislosti mezi existenciální komunikací a mezní situací boje.
2
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Intersubjektivita ve hře rodiče s dítětem

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Matiasovitsová K., Lehečková E.
Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics
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2020
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vol. 11
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issue 1
54-78
EN
The present study applies the theory of intersubjectivity to language and cognitive development in children, particularly their involvement in joint activities which rely heavily on the intersubjective coordination of mental states (e.g. shared goals, intentions and beliefs about the world) and corresponding actions among participants (Verhagen, 2015; Clark, 1996, 2006). The participation in joint activities has been reported to enhance child development, bootstrapping both their communicative competence and understanding of mental contents of others. To show these effects, we present a qualitative analysis of an interaction between a three- -year-old child and her parent during a social pretend play, investigating both the situations where the child successfully followed the normative rules of a joint activity as well as those where the coordination between the participants was difficult to achieve and the negotiation of participants’ perspectives had to be introduced. Overall, the theoretical perspective based on the intersubjective coordination of participants during interactions not only proved to be fruitful for a complex inspection of child-parent communication, but also, due to its complexity and sociopragmatic basis, demonstrated some advantages over the traditional Theory of Mind model.
3
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Enantiosémie z perspektivy lingvistických teorií intersubjektivity

100%
Beneš M.
Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics
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2018
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vol. 9
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issue Special Issue 2018
124-134
EN
This paper deals with two rather under-researched aspects of enantiosemy, i.e. the state in which one word in a given language has two opposite meanings. First, the paper investigates how is it possible for the second, opposite meaning to emerge (= individual-psychological aspect); second, it focuses on the processes of spreading throughout the language community (= social-psychological aspect). As far as the first aspect is concerned, this paper is based on the Vygotskian trends in SLA (FLT, FLL; see e.g. van Compernolle, 2015; Wertsch, 1994) and conceives enantiosemy as result of an inferring false hypothesis about the meaning of the given word from the input. It shows that these false hypotheses, if not disproved, subsequently transform into rules constituting the new, opposite meanings. As far as the second aspect is concerned, this paper is based on the linguistic theories of intersubjectivity, where meanings are conceptualized as rules, i.e. normative social facts, existing in the so-called intersubjectivity of the language users’ minds (see e.g. Itkonen, 2003; 2008a; Zlatev et al., 2008; Zlatev, 2016; Verhagen, 2015). The spreading of the second, opposite meaning is perceived as a series of consequent individual-psychological acquisitions of the new rule with the new, opposite content (i.e. false hypothesis > new, opposite rule) by the first, second, third etc. language users. From this perspective, it is possible to demonstrate the difference between enantiosemy from the language’s point of view (one part of a language community knows the old meaning only, while the second knows only the new, opposite meaning) and enantiosemy from the user’s point of view (some members of a community knowing both the old and the new, opposite meaning).
4
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Jak a proč sociologizovat pohled na jazykovou kulturu

71%
Beneš M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2016
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vol. 99
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issue 5
227-242
EN
The paper outlines the conceptualization of language cultivation from the perspective of so-called ontological “socialism”. In the first part, it briefly describes this conceptualization, concentrating on its central, most relevant aspects (concepts of intersubjectivity, common knowledge and normativity of language). In the second part, it deals with its selected implications for the subject field of language cultivation, in particular with regard to the phenomenon of language correctness. In the final, third part, the paper tentatively proposes the contours of a research program that would be useful to establish in light of these implications.
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