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EN
The second rounds of elections to the Czech Senate consistently suffer from the lowest voter turnout among all types of elections in the Czech Republic. Moreover, voter turnout and the share of invalid votes decrease substantially between the first and the second rounds of the Senate elections. This article enquires into the causes of the decrease. It builds on theories that emphasise the salience of elections and the decisiveness of voting and using data from all Senate electoral races between 1996 and 2012 tests several theoretical predictions drawn from these theories. Two types of regression models are employed to test these hypotheses. Surprisingly, the findings show that neither the closeness of the electoral race nor the presence of an incumbent or a communist candidate has an influence on voter turnout. The decrease in turnout between rounds and between electoral cycles is best explained by the fact that first-round elections coincide with other types of elections, and by the lack of ideologically polarised electoral races in the second rounds and the fragmentation of the first round contest. The substantial number of invalid votes in the fi rst rounds can be attributed to voting error rather than deliberate electoral behaviour. The article closes with several suggestions regarding the electoral system used in the Czech Senate elections and with a discussion of the implications of the findings for current research.
PL
Artykuł omawia występowanie głosów nieważnych w wyborach do sejmików województw w Polsce w roku 2014 i w roku 2010. Analiza regresji wyników wyborów zagregowanych na poziomie gmin pokazuje, że wzorce występowania zjawiska głosów nieważnych w Polsce nie różnią się znacząco pomiędzy rokiem 2010 a 2014. Modele wyjaśniające odsetek głosów nieważnych w wyborach władz regionalnych wskazują na istnienie stosunkowo silnego efektu zbroszurowania karty wyborczej, który zwiększył odsetek głosów nieważnych – w 2010 roku jedynie w województwie mazowieckim, a w 2014 roku – w całym kraju. Głosy nieważne w wyborach regionalnych padają częściej w małych społecznościach lokalnych, położonych peryferyjnie, tam gdzie szczególnie zaznacza się zjawisko „wybiórczej mobilizacji” – tzn. gdzie wyborcy są motywowani przede wszystkim do wyborów władz gminy, a w mniejszym stopniu – do wyborów władz wyższych szczebli.
EN
The article describes the phenomenon of large shares of invalid ballots in regional elections held in 2010 and 2014 in Poland, simultaneously with municipal and county elections. The regression analysis (conducted with use of data disaggregated at the municipal level) demonstrates that the patterns of invalid votes’ distribution in 2010 and 2014 were similar. The models indicate a relatively strong impact of ballot card design. In 2014 a brochure ballot card was used in all regions; in 2010 brochure was used only in Mazowsze region, while in other regions voters used single-page ballot card. The analysis also demonstrates that invalid votes in regional elections were casted more frequently in small, peripheral communities where voters were mobilized to participate primarily in the election of local, not regional, councils.
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