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‘IUS POSTLIMINII’ JAKO PODSTAWA UZNANIA CIĄGŁOŚCI PRZEDWOJENNYCH I DZISIEJSZYCH PAŃSTW BAŁTYCKICH

100%
Karski K.
Zeszyty Prawnicze
|
2014
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vol. 14
|
issue 1
7-53
PL
‘IUS POSTLIMINII’ AS THE GROUNDS FOR THE RECOGNITION OF CONTINUITY BETWEEN THE PRE-WAR AND THE PRESENT-DAY BALTIC STATES Summary Postliminium was applied to describe the status of a Roman citizen who was taken captive during a war and then regained his freedom. If he managed to return from captivity, then the moment he crossed the border of the Roman state, legally his rights and legal relationships were restored (though with some exceptions). This institution has become part of international law and has developed a life of its own. Hardly anyone remembers the Roman origins of many legal constructs, though they are still in force. This is the strength of Roman law. One of the examples of the application of Roman law constructs may be observed in the Baltic States, which were annexed by the USSR in 1940. Due to the change in international law which occurred at the turn of the 1920s and 30s in outcome of the Briand-Kellogg Pact, the acquisition of territory as a result of the use of military force in contravention of its provisions was no longer admissible. In 1991 the Baltic States regained their independence. By proclaiming it, they took the position that they were continuing their inter-war statehood and that all the international agreements they had concluded until 1940 were still valid. The present-day Baltic States are not regarded as legal successors of the USSR. This means that a state conforming to international law has been restored and an end put to an illegal occupation. The example of the Baltic States shows that ius postliminii is a permanent feature of the international legal order. Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia may have lost their independence for 50 years, but subsequently they returned as states to the international community. They are regarded as identical with those states which were annexed during the Second World War by the USSR. They have been restored and continue to exercise all the rights and obligations they had before 1940.
2
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O wskrzeszeniu Rzeczypospolitej raz jeszcze. Problem restytucji państwa polskiego z perspektywy prawa międzynarodowego

75%
Wojas J.
Przegląd Sejmowy
|
2022
|
issue 5(172)
175–199
EN
The legal aspects of regaining independence by Poland in 1918 have been analysed many times in the literature on the subject. In the interwar period, the axis of one of the main disputes in the environment of Polish international lawyers was whether the Second Polish Republic could be treated as a new state or a continuation of the pre-partition state. Until today, a uniform position of the doctrine on this topic, which is also taken up in contemporary publications, has not crystallised. Both sides of the dispute, however, overlook many aspects related to the law of nations concerning the collapse and continuity of states, which has changed throughout history. The aim of this article is to re-analyse the partition and regaining independence by Poland against the background of norms of international law of the time. This will help to systematise the knowledge about the history of Poland and this part of Europe, to resolve a weighty dispute in the history of Polish doctrine of international law, and to point out important aspects related to the struggle of nations still trying to regain independence.
3
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„Dopóki śmierć nas nie rozłączy”. Kościół, małżeństwo i ius postliminii

71%
Jońca M.
Głos Prawa. Przegląd Prawniczy Allerhanda
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2021
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vol. t. 4
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issue 1 (7)
294-302
EN
The essay presents one aspect of the genesis of Christian marriage as a holy and indissoluble sacrament. The ancient Romans considered marriage to be a kind of factual state in essence similar to possession. Falling into slavery of one of the spouses resulted in its immediate extinction. Regaining freedom by a spouse did not automatically reactivate the marriage. In order to renew it, both parties had to submit a declaration. From the beginning, the teaching of the Fathers of the Church emphasized the indissolubility of marriage and taught that the loss of freedom in no way affects its existence. This vision was fully adopted and developed by medieval canon law.
PL
Esej przedstawia jeden z aspektów genezy małżeństwa chrześcijańskiego jako świętego i nierozerwalnego sakramentu. Starożytni Rzymianie uważali małżeństwo za rodzaj stanu faktycznego w swej istocie zbliżonego do posiadania. Popadnięcie w niewolę jednego ze współmałżonków powodowało natychmiastowe jego wygaśnięcie. Odzyskanie przezeń wolności nie skutkowało automatyczną reaktywacją małżeństwa. Aby je odnowić, obie strony powinny złożyć taką deklarację. W nauczaniu Ojców Kościoła od początku podkreślano nierozerwalność małżeństwa i nauczano, że utrata wolności w żaden sposób nie wpływa na jego byt. Wizję tę w pełni przejęło i rozwinęło średniowieczne prawo kanoniczne.
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