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EN
This article provides only a small contribution to the inevitable scholarly discussion on whether excluding the primacy of the literal rule in favour of the priority of a pro-EU teleological interpretation in the judicial and administrative applications of Polish tax law is really reasonable. Firstly, this article sets out to discuss the stages of the transposition of the concept of a household from EU legislation into the provisions of the Excise Duty Act. Secondly, it presents the evolution in the lines of the interpretation of this term as used by tax authorities and national courts. Thirdly, it demonstrates the negative legal and fiscal consequences that are caused in practice by the definition of this term as framed by the Polish legislator.
EN
The article analyzes the issue of the cognition of courts to weigh constitutional rights and freedoms, both in relation to vertical and horizontal relations. The view is defended that the courts are obliged to apply the weighing mechanism to constitutional rights – pursuant to Art. 31 sec. 3 and Art. 31 sec. 2 sentences 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The constitutional adequacy of the final determination of the conditional priority relationship between the competing principles of law by the legislator is being examined. It is shown that the conclusiveness and correctness of establishing this relationship require weighing the principles in concreto sensu stricto, which can only take place at the stage of judicial application of the law. However, this does not mean that there is a gap in the Polish system of protection of individual rights and freedoms.
PL
W artykule analizowane jest zagadnienie kognicji sądów do ważenia praw i wolności konstytucyjnych, zarówno w odniesieniu do relacji wertykalnych, jak i horyzontalnych. Broniony jest pogląd, że sądy są zobowiązane do stosowania mechanizmu ważeniowego w odniesieniu do konstytucyjnych praw podmiotowych – odpowiednio na podstawie art. 31 ust. 3 i art. 31 ust. 2 zd. 1 Konstytucji RP. Badana jest konstytucyjna adekwatność ostatecznego ustalenia warunkowej relacji pierwszeństwa między konkurencyjnymi zasadami prawa przez ustawodawcę. Wykazane zostaje, że konkluzywność i poprawność ustalenia tej relacji wymaga ważenia zasad in concreto sensu stricto, co może nastąpić jedynie na etapie sądowego stosowania prawa. Nie oznacza to jednak istnienia luki w polskim systemie ochrony praw i wolności jednostki.
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