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EN
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, in his teachings, referred to many aspects of human life. In sociopastoral issues, which have been discussed in his journals, were also incorporated the topics connected to mass media. Such issues seemed to be familiar to the cardinal, since he was highly interested in media. As a young priest he was the editor of „Ateneum Kapłańskie”, „Słowo Kujawskie”, „Ład Boży”, „Kronika Diecezji Włocławskiej”. He also had his influence as journalist in many other newspapers. In some of his speeches and articles, especially those from 1942–1946 ones, he appeared to be also a media theorist – he discussed the issues of journalists’ as well as the problems of the catholic journalism. These observations can be described as timeless, so it is worth coming back to them. It is possible that they will become very helpful for the modern journalism.
EN
Convened 50 years ago, the Second Vatican Council was a groundbreaking event in the history of the Common Church. Under difficult conditions of the communist regime, the Church in Poland contributed to the Council work in numerous areas. The decided majority of bishops, despite the problems with receiving passports, participated in the conciliary meetings directly. However, a wise shepherd of the Polish Church, which can definitely be said about Primate Stefan Wyszyński, wished that the matter of the Council became present in every Polish parish and family. By his inspiration a four-year pastoral program was created, commonly referred to as ‘the conciliary vigils’ whose aim was to pray and make offerings in the intention of the Second Vatican Council. The conciliary vigils became a unique work in the entire Common Church. Thanks to them the members of the Polish Church, despite the existence of the iron curtain, were able to take spiritual part in this significant event. In the first part of this article the author attempts to find the answer to the following question: what was the foundation of the conciliary vigils? The answer was contained in three theses: the influence of the attitude represented by Saint John XXIII, who was so dearly connected with Poland and Cardinal Wyszyński and his calling for prayer in the intention of the Council; ecclesiological sensitivity of the Primate of Poland, which expressed itself in the perception of the Church as the mystical Corpus Christi and his unique gift to translate into practice sublime theological assumptions. In the second part the author focuses on the presentation of the course of particular stages of conciliary vigils which also constituted the part of the Great Novena of the Polish Nation. Those were consequent initiatives: in 1962 – The conciliary vigil with Virgin Mary of Jasna Góra, in 1963 – the Conciliary deed of goodness; in 1964 – Victory over oneself for the Council and finally, in 1965 – giving oneself to the maternal enslavement of Virgin Mary, the Mother of Church for the freedom of the Church.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą przedstawienia powołania kapłańskiego w aspekcie bycia mistrzem i ojcem dla wiernych. Nawiązując do przemyśleń kard. Stefana Wyszyńskiego, autor wskazuje na te elementy posługi prezbitera, które stanowią istotę bycia dobrym pasterzem. Podejmuje także temat relacji, jaka zachodzi pomiędzy pracą duszpasterską a samotnością, która – jeśli jest dobrze przeżyta – prowadzi do odkrycia siebie i do doświadczenia bliskości Boga.
EN
The article is an attempt to present the priestly vocation in the aspect of being a master and father for believers. Referring to the reflections of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, the author points to those elements of the priest’s ministry which constitute the essence of being a good shepherd. It also deals with the subject of the relationship between pastoral work and loneliness, which – if lived well – leads to discovering oneself and experiencing closeness to God.
EN
The richness of personality and achievements of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński as a Cardinal Primate of Poland cannot be include in one term. The ranges of his activities on various fields, as a man responsible for the Church in Poland, nation’s advocate, spokesman and defender of social needs, judgmental against the domestic and foreign policy of the Polish authorities (because he was careful about Poland’s position), permeated and were complementary for each other during the time he was a Cardinal Primate. Personal intellectual and spiritual features developed in an atmosphere of faith and sense of responsibility towards God. Religious initiatives inspired by him was to serve the good of society and country. In his activities, Cardinal used the sense of religious mission, responsibility for the fates of homeland, primacy of truth and social good. He also take good care of non-believers and his opponents’ salvation.
PL
Bogactwo osobowości i dokonań kard. Stefana Wyszyńskiego jako Prymasa Polski nie da się zawrzeć w jednym określeniu. Zakresy jego działań na różnych płaszczyznach – odpowiedzialnego za Kościół w Polsce, orędownika narodu, wyraziciela i obrońcy potrzeb społecznych, krytycznego, gdyż zatroskanego o pozycję Polski, wobec polityki wewnętrznej i zagranicznej władz polskich – przenikały się i uzupełniały w sprawowaniu urzędu prymasa. Osobiste przymioty intelektualne i duchowe w sposób szczególny rozwinęły się w atmosferze wiary i poczuciu odpowiedzialności wobec Boga. Inicjatywy religijne przez niego inspirowane już w swoim założeniu miały służyć dobru społeczeństwa i państwa. W swojej działalności kierował się stale poczuciem misji religijnej, odpowiedzialnością za losy ojczyzny, prymatem prawdy i dobra społecznego, a troską o zbawienie obejmował także niewierzących i swoich przeciwników.
EN
The Church and the Catholic community during the Great Novena (1956–1966) contested the liberal abortion laws introduced by the Communists, arguing that it led to the depopulation of Poland. Formed of pronatalist attitudes based on the experiences of the previous epoch: Catholic parish counseling was developed, spouses were trained on natural family planning methods. Poles were integrated around the Millenium program proclamation of Card. Wyszyński, in which conscience of women through prayer, pilgrimage and preaching. Particular attention has been paid to single mothers and to large families, offering them social and organizational assistance in their parenting. The program of reception of church teaching in the field of marriage and the family was transferred to the forum of the council debate, actively developing the content of the document “Humanae vitae”. In this regard, the effect of the Church and the Catholic community was to strengthen the image of Poland as a country in which it struggled in defense of life and effectively countered the government’s reproductive policy.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2021
|
vol. 53
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issue 1
177-196
EN
The purpose of the following analysis is to present the actions undertaken by the Polish People’s Republic authorities during the preparations and celebrations of the millennium anniversary against two important hierarchs of the Catholic Church in Poland: Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński and Archbishop Karol Wojtyła. The author describes the role of two bishops during the ‘Great Novena’ and the year of the main millennium celebrations and compares them in the light of party and state documentations.
PL
Celem poniższej analizy jest omówienie działań władz PRL w czasie przygotowań i obchodów milenijnych wobec dwóch ważnych hierarchów polskiego Kościoła: kard. Stefana Wyszyńskiego i abp. Karola Wojtyły. Opisano rolę obydwu biskupów w czasie Wielkiej Nowenny i głównych uroczystości milenijnych oraz dokonano ich porównania w świetle dokumentacji partyjno-państwowej.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest ukazanie chrześcijańskiej tradycji kulturowej w kontekście (post) modernizmu z perspektywy personalistycznej wizji kultury prezentowanej przez kard. Stefana Wyszyńskiego. Dokonana przez autora interpretacja materiałów źródłowych ma na celu przedstawienie kultury chrześcijańskiej jako „sfery rzeczywistości ziemskiej”, kształtującej osobę ludzką w jej integralnym rozumieniu, tzn. zarówno w wymiarze indywidualnym i społecznym, jak też doczesnym i nadprzyrodzonym. W rozumieniu personalistyczno-prakseologicznym kultura chrześcijańska ma swoje zakorzenienie w wartościach ewangelicznych, które – ujmowane jako dar i zobowiązanie – rozwijane są przede wszystkim w przestrzenichrześcijańskiej aktywności życia codziennego, zwłaszcza w wymiarze rodziny i narodu. Autor artykułu stawia pytanie: Czy aretologia personalistycznej koncepcji kard. Wyszyńskiego może być aplikowana do konkretnych realiów współczesnej rzeczywistości życia kulturowego? Odpowiedź na tak postawione kwestie jest niezwykle istotna, zwłaszcza w kontekście głoszonego obecnie „pluralizmu ideowego”, charakterystycznego dla współczesnej kultury postmodernistycznej, podkreślającej moralną ambiwalentność „płynnej” ponowoczesności.
EN
The subject of this article is to present the Christian cultural tradition in the context of (post) modernism from the perspective of the personalistic vision of culture presented by Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński. The author’s interpretation of source materials aims to show Christian culture as a “sphere of earthly reality” shaping the human person in its integral dimension, i.e., both in the individual and social dimensions and the temporal and supernatural. In the personalistic-praxeological sense, Christian culture is rooted in the biblical-traditional values, which – perceived as a gift and obligation – are developed primarily in the sphere of the daily Christian life, especially in the dimension of family and nation. The author of the article asks whether the aretology of Cardinal Wyszyński’s personalistic concept can be applied to the specific realities of the up-to-date fact of cultural life? The answer to such questions is essential, especially in the context of the currently proclaimed “ideological pluralism” characteristic of the contemporary post-modern culture that emphasizes the moral ambivalence of “liquid” postmodernity.
EN
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński played very important role in the modern history of Poland, specially during the time of communist totalitarian regime. He was considered by many people as spiritual leader of Polish nation. It was thanks to him that catholic Church in Poland resisted against the atheistic pressure of the communist governments. The article examines the role of his Marian devotion in these difficult attempts. His relation with Virgin Mary reached the culmination point during his imprisonment, when he made the act of total consecration to Mary, according to the writings of saint Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort, to save the Church in Poland and spirit of the nation. His pastoral programs which arised as its consequence had the decisive role to maintain the faith in Polish nation and had the influence on the universal Church.
PL
Kard. Stefan Wyszyński odegrał bardzo ważną rolę we współczesnej historii Polski, a szczególnie w czasie trwania komunizmu. Uważany był przez wielu za duchowego przywódcę narodu. Dzięki niemu Kościół katolicki w Polsce oparł się naciskom ze strony komunistycznego aparatu państwa. Artykuł ten analizuje rolę jego pobożności maryjnej w tych trudnych zmaganiach. Kulminacyjnym momentem na maryjnej drodze kard. Wyszyńskiego było złożenie aktu całkowitego ofiarowania się Maryi w duchu św. Ludwika Marii Grignion de Montfort, co uczynił podczas swojego uwięzienia w intencji ocalenia Kościoła w Polsce i ducha narodu. Programy duszpasterskie, które powstały jako owoc tego aktu, odegrały decydującą rolę w podtrzymaniu wiary w narodzie polskim oraz wpłynęły na Kościół powszechny.
EN
In the period of 1945–1989, in Communist Poland, after the subjection of the Labour Party by the Communists in 1945, and their assimilation in 1950 by the Democratic Party, there was no independent Christian Democratic party; despite this, Poland was a country of the Soviet Block, in which the Catholic Church had relatively large freedom, while Christian democratic parties officially existed in GDR and the Czechoslovakian Republic. This issue is strictly related with several other matters: with Christian Democratic and non-Christian democratic efforts of the Catholics aimed at the establishment of the Catholic Party inside the PRL political system (among others, on the basis of Bolesław Piasecki’s PAX Association); with the activities of the groups relating to the Christian democracy outside the party structures (here it necessary to mention Janusz Zabłocki, the ODiSS group and Polish Catholic Social Association); with activities of all other groups of “lawful” Catholics functioning within Communism; finally with the issue of intellectual research aimed at the rationalisation of the existence of Christian democracy outside the democratic system, in the necessary cooperation with an atheistic totalitarian regime (here a special role was played by inspiration with Christian socialism of Emmanuel Mounier). To provide the final statement concerning the scale of the Christian democratic inspiration in both social and political life it is necessary to deepen the present research concerning almost every political groups of Catholics in PRL – both legal and illegal – maybe aside from the well-known group of “Znak”. It is necessary to verify the findings of the present historiography, which mainly belonged to the identity stream, that is the stream giving priority for the justification of the political attitudes of Catholics during PRL over comprehensive and reliable information analysis. The matters crucial for understanding the existence context of the Christian democratic inspirations in the period of PRL include the issues of various forms of political Catholic realisms in PRL (including specific differentiation of the realism of resistance, collaboration and capitulation – using terms applied by Rafał Matyja), as well as an explanation as to why Catholic groups in PRL – in contrast to the Christian Democrats during the inter-war period – tried to build their identity on the critique of the largest Catholic political formation in Poland – namely the national movement, and often even broader – on the critique of the entire relation between Catholicism and Polish national identity.
EN
This contribution sets out to present an interesting aspect of the life of Card. Augusto Hlond, which shows his unfailing faith in the intercession of Mary in the history of mankind. It is an examination of the impact of the prophetic vision of the victory of Mary over the atheistic communist political system, which Card. Hlond had before he died. The socio-political circumstances of the origin of that way of seeing things are mentioned. At the centre of the study is the extraordinary effects in the pastoral activity of Card. Wyszyński and the Polish Bishops. In fact Card. Wyszyński recognised the powerful unaccustomed creative force of the prophecy of Mary of Victory in planning and implementing an extremely effective pastoral programme of moral renewal and of the evangelisation of Polish society, especially in view of the preparation of the Polish Nation for the Millennium of Baptisim (1966), through the Great Novena to the Madonna. This Marian dimension of pastoral activity – that, despite the criticisms, was totally concentrated on Christ – also made a decisive contribution to what non-Catholics were saying in the defence of the freedom of Polish citizens, and received a positive response outside Poland. In addition to that, the article also refers to the perception of this Marian prophecy in the Petrine ministry of John Paul II, who on not a few occasions mentioned this victorious vision of Mary by Card. Hlond. Although it is not spoken of explicitly, nevertheless a direct connection between Hlond, Wyszyński and John Paul II is to be understood: the particular Marian dimension of their pastoral activity. The link is explicitly confirmed in the three stained glasss windows – containing their images – placed in the second section of the chapel that contains the venerated Icon of the Black Madonna (Częstochowa–Jasna Góra).
EN
The article is the first account of the activities of the Commission for the Implementation of the Second Vatican Council decrees of the Polish bishops between 1959 and 1977 ever made in the Polish ecclesiastical historiography. The Commission was chaired by archbishop Antoni Baraniak. Some significant contributions to its work were made by Bolesław Kominek and Karol Wojtyła. The Commision was the main organ responsible for the implementation of the decisions of the Second Vatican Council and its reception in the Catholic Church in Poland.
PL
Artykuł jest pierwszym w polskiej historiografii kościelnej opisem działalności Komisji Soborowej Komisji do Spraw Realizacji Uchwał Soboru Watykańskiego II Episkopatu Polski w latach 1959–1977. W analizowanym okresie przewodniczył jej abp Antoni Baraniak. Znaczący wkład w jej prace wnieśli: Bolesław Kominek i Karol Wojtyła. Gremium to było głównym organem odpowiedzialnym za wdrażanie uchwał Soboru Watykańskiego II i realizację jego recepcji w Kościele katolickim w Polsce.
EN
After a brief period of tolerance by the communist authorities for the activities of the Catholic Church in Poland, ever-increasing acts of violence and restrictions on the activities of the Church in Poland began in 1947. This is evidenced by the liquidation of Catholic organizations, the withdrawal of religious lessons from schools, the processes of arresting and removing bishops, priests from episcopal capitals or parishes, and the almost total restrictions on the Catholic press and publishing. The death of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in 1953 was followed by the so-called Khrushchev Thaw, which took place in the Soviet bloc countries (except Romania and Czechoslovakia). The exacerbation of communist terror in Poland in 1954–1955 was the result of decisions made by the state authorities very confident in its domination of society. The events of October 1956 gave Polish society hope for a further change in socio-political reality. Since 1960, the communist authorities have again repressed the Church in Poland. Against the backdrop of all these events, which were taking place throughout the country, the above article presents the attitude of the local party authorities in the late 1950s and early 1960s toward the Church in Gorzów, based on documentation kept in the Diocesan Archives in Zielona Góra. Representatives of the local party authorities, using the powers given to them by their superiors from the PZPR Central Committee, effectively restricted the activities of the Gorzów Church, represented by successive bishops Teodor Bensch and Wilhelm Pluta.
PL
Po krótkim okresie tolerowania przez władze komunistyczne działalności Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce, od 1947 roku rozpoczęły się ciągle nasilające się akty przemocy i ograniczeń działalności Kościoła w Polsce. Świadczą o tym: likwidacja organizacji katolickich, wycofywanie nauki religii ze szkół, procesy aresztowania i usuwanie biskupów, kapłanów ze stolic biskupich czy z parafii, niemal całkowite ograniczenia prasy i wydawnictw katolickich. Po śmierci w 1953 roku radzieckiego przywódcy Stalina nastąpiła tzw. odwilż, która dokonywała się w krajach bloku sowieckiego (oprócz Rumunii i Czechosłowacji). Zelżenie terroru komunistycznego w Polsce w latach 1954-1955 było rezultatem decyzji podejmowanych przez aparat władzy, bardzo pewny swej dominacji w społeczeństwie. Wydarzenia Października ’56 dały polskiemu społeczeństwu nadzieję na dalszą odmianę rzeczywistości społeczno-politycznej. Od 1960 roku władze komunistyczne ponownie represjonowały Kościół w Polsce. Na tle tych wszystkich wydarzeń, które dokonywały się w całym kraju, powyższy artykuł przedstawia stosunek lokalnych władz partyjnych na przełomie lat 50. i 60. XX wieku do Kościoła gorzowskiego, oparty o dokumentację przechowywaną w Archiwum Diecezjalnym w Zielonej Górze. Przedstawiciele lokalnych władz partyjnych, korzystając z uprawnień nadanych im przez zwierzchników z Komitetu Centralnego PZPR, skutecznie ograniczali działalność Kościoła gorzowskiego, reprezentowanego przez kolejnych biskupów – Teodora Benscha i Wilhelma Plutę.
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