Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 4

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  kartuzi
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
The Carthusian Order established by St Bruno of Cologne (died 1101) in La Grande Chartreuse (Latin: Carthusia), France, belongs to communities that in their charisma combine cenobitic and eremitical life. The rule of the Order, called Consuetudines Cartusiae, was written by the fifth prior of the Chartreuse Guiges II (died about 1188) after St Bruno had already died. Due to the fact that the first monastic community was founded in the area of the Grenoble Diocese, Carthusians took over many liturgical customs known in Lyon. However, taking into consideration the unchanging specific character of the order, a liturgical autonomy going back to the Middle Ages has been preserved for centuries. The way in which the maxim about the invariability of the customs concerns the liturgy of the Holy Mass in the Carthusian Order after the Trent Council reform is an interesting issue. Learning about the Ordo Missae described in the Carthusian directories and recorded in the first edition of liturgical books binding in the order is the answer to this question. In 1582 a new Ordinarium Cartusiense was published in Paris, and in the same year a commission was established during the assembly of the General Chapter in order to do a revision of liturgical books on the basis of new books published after the Council of Trent. The first result was publishing a new collection of homilies for the officium divinum in 1585, and a new breviary in 1587. The amended missal was published in 1603 (Missale Cartusiani Ordinis). On the basis of the preserved sources, in comparison with the books of reform of the Roman books, as well as in comparison with later liturgical books, differences may be seen in celebrating the Eucharist in the Carthusian Order in the first period after the Council of Trent. The liturgical sources coming from the Carthusian Order allow knowing the way, in which the Holy Mass was celebrated. Showing the celebration of the Holy Mass described in the Carthusian Ordinarium of 1582 and presented in the first edition of the Carthusian missal after the Council of Trent, in 1603, is an interesting issue. A comparison of the texts with the Ordo Missae of the first post-Trent Roman Missal of 1570 allows showing similarities to and differences from the Roman liturgy of that time. The celebration of the Eucharist in the Carthusian Order was adjusted to the Carthusians’ severe, eremitical way of life. Differences may be noticed in the very structure of the liturgical texts as well as in the assumed postures and attitudes. It is interesting that the Carthusians started the celebration of the Eucharist on the Gospel side, and not in the middle of the altar. Prayers at the steps were much shorter than in the Roman liturgy. Differences may be also pointed to in the very texts of such prayers as Confiteor, Misereatur, or in the inverted order of the words in the hymn Gloria. Similarly simplified formulas occurred in the liturgy of the word. The differences also include the fact that the deacon only wore the stole at the time of reading the Gospel, and did it in a way that was different from the way in the Roman liturgy. It should also be stressed that a Carthusian celebrating the Holy Mass never knelt – also when he said the words of the origin – but only bowed and slightly bended his legs at the knees. There are also many differences during the offertory. Peculiarities include the fact that as soon as at the beginning of preparation of the gifts the celebrant washed his hands. In the Carthusian tradition also many prayers over the bread and wine did not occur; although they were said in the Roman liturgy. The celebrant only said the De latere Domini – when he poured water into the cup, and when he lifted up the Host and the cup he recited: In spiritu humilitatis… Also another test, the Orate fratres is transmitted by the Carthusian sources. The differences between the Carthusian tradition and the Roman one also includes holding stretched arms over the gifts during the reciting of the secreta. The Canon of the Mass is the center of the Eucharist; in its content it was nearly the same in the Carthusian as in the Roman liturgy. Mentioning, besides the name of the pope and the bishop, that of the king by the Carthusians, as well as the inverted order in the prayer Unde et memores, are also differences. The way the hands were put deserve special attention. When the rubrics said that the hands had to be spread, the celebrant put them in the shape of the cross, and when he took a deep bow in order to say the Supplices te rogamus, he crossed them on his breast. Some differences also occurred in the rites of the Holy Communion – the Carthusians said only one prayer, beginning with the words Domine Jesu Christe, and not two, like in the Roman liturgy, and many texts and verses were not said that had been recorded in the Roman liturgy in 1570. Also, before the Holy Communion the priest said Agnus Dei only once, and for a second and third time he did so after he had received Christ’s Body and Blood. The peculiarities also include the fact that at the end of the Holy Mass the celebrant never imparted a blessing. The celebration of the Holy Mass in the Carthusian Order in the period just after the reform of the Council of Trent echoed the liturgical traditions of the Middle Ages, known in the Lyon Diocese as early as the 10th and 11th centuries. Studying both the texts and a little different forms of celebration lets one see the Eucharist also as the center of contemplative life that was led in the order considered the strictest one in the Western Church.
PL
Zakon kartuzów założony przez św. Brunona (zm. 1101) z Kolonii w La Grande Chartreuse we Francji (łac. Carthusia) należy do wspólnot łączących w swym charyzmacie zarówno życie wspólnotowe jak i pustelnicze. Reguła zakonna, zwana Consuetudines Cartusiae, została spisana przez piątego przeora Wielkiej Kartuzji, Guigo II (zm. ok. 1188) już po śmierci założyciela. Ze względu na to, że pierwsza wspólnota zakonna powstała na terenie diecezji Grenoble, kartuzi przejęli wiele zwyczajów liturgicznych znanych w Lyonie. Uwzględniając jednak niezmienną specyfikę tego zakonu zachowano przez wieki autonomię liturgiczną, sięgającą czasów średniowiecza. Interesującym zagadnieniem jest, w jaki sposób maksyma o niezmienności zwyczajów odnosi się do liturgii Mszy św. w zakonie kartuzów po reformie Soboru Trydenckiego? Odpowiedzią na to pytanie jest poznanie Ordo Missae opisanego w zwyczajnikach kartuskich i utrwalonego w pierwszej edycji ksiąg liturgicznych obowiązujących w tym zakonie. W 1582 r. wydano w Paryżu nowe Ordinarium Cartusiense i w tym samym roku na kapitule generalnej kartuzów powołano komisję w celu przeprowadzenia rewizji ksiąg liturgicznych w oparciu o nowe księgi opublikowane po Soborze Trydenckim. Pierwszym owocem było wydanie w 1585 r. nowego zbioru kazań i homilii przeznaczonych do officium divinum, a w 1587 r. nowego brewiarza. Poprawiony mszał, wydano natomiast w 1603 r. (Missale Cartusiani Ordinis). Na podstawie zachowanych źródeł w porównaniu z księgami reformy ksiąg rzymskich, jak też późniejszych ksiąg liturgicznych, można poznać odrębności podczas celebracji Eucharystii w zakonie kartuzów w pierwszym okresie po Soborze Trydenckim. Źródła liturgiczne powstałe w zakonie kartuzów pozwalają poznać w jaki sposób celebrowano Mszę św. Interesującym zagadnieniem było ukazanie celebracji Mszy św. opisanej w Ordinarium kartuzów z 1582 r. i przedłożonej w pierwszym wydaniu po Soborze Trydenckim Mszału kartuskiego z 1603 r. Porównanie tych tekstów z Ordo Missae pierwszego potrydenckiego Mszału Rzymskiego z 1570 r. pozwoliło na ukazanie podobieństw i różnic z liturgią rzymską tego czasu. Celebracja Eucharystii w zakonie kartuzów dostosowana była do surowego i pustelniczego charakteru życia. Można zauważyć różnice występujące w samej strukturze i odrębności tekstów liturgicznych, jak też w przyjmowanych gestach i postawach. Interesującym jest, że kartuzi rozpoczynali celebrację Eucharystii po stronie Ewangelii, a nie pośrodku ołtarza. Modlitwy u stopni były znacznie krótsze niż w liturgii rzymskiej. Można wskazać także na odrębności w samych tekstach takich modlitw jak: Confiteor, Misereatur, czy szyk przestawny wyrazów w hymnie Gloria. Podobnie uproszczone formuły występowały w liturgii słowa. Do odrębności należy, że diakon zakładał stułę tylko na czas czytania Ewangelii i czynił to w inny sposób niż w liturgii rzymskiej. Należy także podkreślić, że celebrujący Mszę św. kartuz nigdy nie przyklękał – również podczas wypowiadania słów ustanowienia – ale tylko wykonywał skłony i lekko zginał kolana. Wiele odrębności występuje również podczas ofiarowania. Do osobliwości należało to, że już na początku przygotowania darów celebrans obmywał ręce. W tradycji kartuskiej nie występowało także wiele modlitw nad chlebem i winem, które znane były w liturgii rzymskiej. Celebrans odmawiał tylko De latere Domini – podczas wlewania wody do kielicha, a unosząc razem Hostię i kielich recytował: In spiritu humilitatis... Także inny tekst Orate fratres przekazują źródła kartuskie. Do odrębności u kartuzów należy trzymanie rąk wyciągniętych nad darami w czasie odmawiania secrety. Centrum Eucharystii stanowi Kanon mszalny, który w swej treści był prawie taki sam jak w liturgii rzymskiej. Do odrębności należy wspominanie u kartuzów oprócz imienia papieża i biskupa, także imienia króla oraz szyk przestawny w modlitwie Unde et memores. Także na uwagę zasługuje sposób trzymania rąk. Gdy rubryki przewidywały rozłożenie dłoni, wówczas celebrans trzymał je rozpostarte w kształcie krzyża, a gdy głęboko skłaniał się, aby odmówić Supplices te rogamus, krzyżował je na piersi. Również pewne różnice występowały w obrzędach Komunii św. u kartuzów przewidziano tylko jedną modlitwę rozpoczynającą się od słów Domine Jesu Christe, a nie dwie, jak w liturgii rzymskiej, oraz nie odmawiano wiele tekstów i wersetów, które utrwalono w liturgii rzymskiej w 1570 r. Także kapłan tylko raz przed Komunią św. odmawiał Agnus Dei, a po raz drugi i trzeci czynił to po przyjęciu Ciała i Krwi Chrystusa. Do osobliwości należy także, że na zakończenie Mszy św. celebrans nigdy nie udzielał błogosławieństwa. Celebracja Mszy św. w zakonie kartuzów, w dobie zaraz po reformie Soboru Trydenckiego, nawiązywała do tradycji liturgicznych średniowiecza, znanych w metropolii Lyońskiej w X i XI w. Poznanie zarówno tekstów jak i nieco innych form celebracji pozwala ukazać Eucharystię również jako centrum życia kontemplacyjnego realizowanego w zakonie uważanym jako najsurowszy w Kościele zachodnim.
EN
This article contains an outline of the history of the Byaroza Carthusian monastery in the last period of its existence and a selection of source materials that illustrate this period (1816–1825). The materials mainly illustrate the attempt to reform the monastery despite the internal and external difficulties it was experiencing. The support of the established Benedictine-Cistercian-Carthusian monastic congregation and the presence of zealous monks were not enough to fully organize monastic life and rebuild the spirituality of the Carthusians in its full form. The last stage of the history of the Carthusian monastery in Byaroza was marked by the participation of the monks in the November Uprising, which contributed directly to the dissolution of the monastery with the tsarist decree of 28th August 1831.
PL
Niniejsza publikacja zawiera zarys dziejów kartuzji bereskiej w ostatnim okresie jej istnienia oraz wybór materiałów źródłowych, które ilustrują ten okres (1816–1825). Ilustrują one przede wszystkim próbę zreformowania klasztoru mimo wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych trudności, które przeżywała. Wsparcie powstałej kongregacji monastycznej benedyktyńsko-cystersko-kartuskiej i obecność gorliwych mnichów nie wystarczyły do pełnego uprządkowania życia monastycznego i odbudowania duchowego kartuzji w jej pełnym kształcie. Ostatni etap istnienia kartuzji w Berezie znaczy udział mnichów w powstaniu listopadowym, który stał się bezpośrednią przyczyną kasaty klasztoru dekretem carskim z 28 VIII 1831.
3
Content available remote

Kasata klasztoru kartuzów w Gidlach

80%
EN
The charterhouse in Gidle founded in 1641-1642, a subsidiary of the charterhouse Paradise of Mary in the Eastern Pomerania (presently Kartuzy) was dissolved by the bull Ex imposita Nobis of Pius VII from 30th June 1818 and the executive decree of 17th April 1819. Despite the protests of the last prior, A. Grabowski, the dissolution was completed on 23rd June 1819, when the cassation committee came to Gidle, took over the property and the equipment of the church and monastery, leasing them to the remaining there Carthusians (four priests and two brothers; additionally the monastery was resided by the verger, cook, fisherman, and the gardener) for a period of one year. On the 7th July 1819, Samuel Bogumił Linde came to Gidle, taking over the monastic book collection. Despite the efforts, the Charterhouse revival has failed. After the death of the prior Grabowski, who stayed in the convent until the end of his days, the livestock was sold, and part of the equipment plundered. The monastery was demolished, and the church was sealed. The plans of its demolishion caused that in 1877 it came back to interest again, and in 1879 it was decided to give it for the purposes of the parish. Supplementing the article are the inventories of the monastery and church equipment (including liturgical devices), the summary of the archive contents from the period of dissolution, and two descriptions of the church and its equipment from 1832 and 1877.
EN
The study is devoted to the reconstruction of the process of watermills network developing in the estates of separate monasteries in Eastern Pomerania on the background of general milling trends development in this area. Considering this subject, three distinct stages were identified: up to 1308, when the representatives of local dynasty ruled, the years 1309-1454, so the rule of the Teutonic Order, and the period after 1454, in this case limited with the frames of this article to the end of 16th century. The monasteries, thanks to the owned assets and organizational capabilities, have played an important role in the watermills’network developing, especially in the ducal period, up to 1308. Although the monks were not the pioneers in the wastelands management and construction of the first watermills in these areas, they have acted as the main users of existing and newly built mills along with the territorial rulers in the course of time. A certain change has brought the rule of the Teutonic Knights, who ran a consequent economic policy towards other entities, including in particular the monasteries possessing extensive grants from the earlier period. Their actions clearly hindered the further development of the monastic estates, forcing their owners to improve organization of the already held premises. Additionally, on that has imposed the general legal and organizational processes change in the rural economy, also occurring in the goods of great monastic property. Due to that fact each congregation was trying to led self-sufficient economic policy, of which manifestation in the flour milling was imposition of milling coercion on the possessed villages, and conscious construction of own, independent from external conditions, network of milling machines. This policy was continued even after 1454, when the control of the public authority was not so strict. The new circumstance at that time was the abolishment of milling regalia, what enabled the rapid development of mill networks in private estates, possibly including the monastic premises. Different factors were subject to change in the network of hydro-powered devices in the territories belonging to the Cistercians of Oliwa. The proximity of Gdańsk, the great urban center, experiencing at that time a massive economic development resulted, that the monastery has become a natural partner for the actions taken by local townspeople. By investing their capital in the construction of more hydro-powered devices on the monastery’s two major waterways, they led to establishment of about 30 devices, in the vast majority – of industrial mills. The case of Oliwa, fundamentally different from other monasteries, was a result of cooperation between two different partners: the monastery – representing the model of a traditional rural economy, and the investors possessing large assets– urban entrepreneurs. In addition to the considerations presented in the article, there is enclosed the monastic mill network map illustrating the status quo in the second half of the 16 th century.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.