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Proof of Causation in Tort Cases

100%
Karnaukh B.
Studia Iuridica
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2019
|
vol. 82
149-160
EN
The article addresses the problem of uncertainty over causation in tort cases. It reveals the interconnection between burden of proof and standard of proof. The author provides a comparative overview of approaches to standard of proof in common law and civil law systems. It is argued that while in common law there are two different standards viz: beyond-reasonable-doubt-standard for criminal cases and balanceof-probabilities standard for civil cases in civil law system there is only one standard applicable both to criminal and civil cases. With comparative analysis in the background the article also reveals the peculiarities of Ukrainian law in the respect of the issue raised. The problem is approached in a pragmatic manner: using a hypothetical case the author models practical outcomes entailed by each of the approaches being applied to the case. Eventually the conclusion is made that there are four ways of coping with uncertainty over causation: (1) to reverse the burden of proof; (2) to calibrate the standard of proof for certain cases; (3) to recognize the very creation of the abnormal risk as a compensable damage; and (4) to multiply damage plaintiff sustained by the probability factor indicating the likelihood of the damage being actually caused by the defendant.
2

Planowanie czy spontaniczność – jakich kompetencji potrzebuje współczesny przedsiębiorca?

100%
Tomczak M. T., Stankiewicz K., Krawczyk-Bryłka B., Ziemiański P.
Zarządzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi
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2019
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issue 2(127) „ZZL w kontekście wyzwań współczesnego rynku pracy, nowych modeli biznesowych i zarządzania publicznego”
27-41
EN
Planning or Spontaneity: What Competencies Does Today’s Entrepreneur Need?
3
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Jeszcze w sprawie wielostronności, kauzalności i braku wzajemności umowy spółki cywilnej

100%
Możdżeń-Marcinkowski M., Rykowski R.
Studia Iuridica
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2017
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vol. 72
221-243
PL
By this article authors have opportunity to take part in the discussion on multilateralism, causality and non-reciprocity of civil partnership agreements in Polish legal regulation. The article provides an in-depth, normative analysis of the legal nature of a so called “civil law company” in the context of its complex, practical and theoretical organizational nature. Authors took up the civil law firm as a legal entity. As a result of the changed legal and economic context in Poland after the period of political transformation, it became necessary to redefine many issues. An example of this is the discussion on the legal status of a civil partnership as well as the controversy about its qualification as an entrepreneur or as an organization. The intention of the authors is to try to draw attention to the fact that, with such diversity of potential application of a civil law partnership in business, the maintenance of one broad regulation, which is currently included in Art. 860–875 of Polish Civil Code is non-functional.
4
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Kauzalność materialna umowy o ustanowieniu hipoteki. Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 8 grudnia 2017 roku, III CSK 273/16

100%
Biernat J.
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
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2020
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issue 1(26)
183-191
EN
In the discussed decision the Supreme Court took the right position that as a rule an agreement for establishing a mortgage does not have to be concluded in the performance of an obligation to establish a mortgage. This does not exclude the emergence of an obligation to establish a mortgage, however, in most cases this does not mean the need to apply the regulation arising from the article 156 of the Civil Code.
PL
W glosowanym postanowieniu Sąd Najwyższy zajął godne aprobaty stanowisko, zgodnie z którym umowa o ustanowieniu hipoteki co do zasady nie musi być zawierana w wykonaniu stosunku obligacyjnego zobowiązującego do ustanowienia hipoteki. Nie wyklucza to powstania zobowiązania do ustanowienia hipoteki, jednak w większości przypadków nie oznacza konieczności stosowania uregulowania wynikającego z art. 156 Kodeksu cywilnego.
5

Znaczenie i dynamika efektuacji w działaniach zespołów projektowych IT

80%
Krawczyk-Bryłka B.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
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2021
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issue 2(992)
79-90
PL
Cel: Celem artykułu jest sprawdzenie, na ile wdrażanie zasad efektuacji jest korzystne dla efektywności zespołów projektowych pracujących nad innowacyjnymi rozwiązaniami i czy wpływa na ich satysfakcję. Metodyka badań: Badania ilościowe zrealizowano w studenckich zespołach projektowych z branży IT, opracowujących rozwiązania na zlecenie interesariuszy zewnętrznych. Do pomiaru zmiennych wykorzystano autorskie kwestionariusze. Przeanalizowano dynamikę modelu działań zespołów na dwóch etapach realizacji projektu. Wyniki badań: Wyniki pokazały małą zmienność modeli podejmowania decyzji w procesie realizacji projektu. Potwierdzono znaczenie integrowania efektuacyjnych i kauzalnych założeń w różnych obszarach funkcjonowania zespołu. Wnioski: Hybrydowy model podejmowania decyzji jest czynnikiem istotnym dla efektywności zespołu. Wkład w rozwój dyscypliny: Analiza efektywności zespołów projektowych w kontekście zasad efektuacji jest zupełnie nowym podejściem w polskiej literaturze przedmiotu.
EN
Objective: To determine how beneficial the implementation of the principles of effectuation is for the effectiveness of project teams and their satisfaction. Research Design & Methods: Quantitative research was carried out on student project teams working in the IT industry, developing solutions at the request of external stakeholders. Proprietary questionnaires were used to measure the variables. The dynamics of the team model was analysed at two stages of project implementation. Findings: Decision-making models used in project implementation do not evolve dynamically. The importance of integrating effect and causal assumptions in various areas of the team’s functioning is confirmed. Implications / Recommendations: The hybrid decision-making model helps boost team effectiveness. Contribution: The analysis of the effectiveness of project teams in the context of effectuation principles is a completely new approach in the Polish literature.
6

Generalna zasada kauzalności – czy rzeczywiście przebrzmiały spór?

80%
Olechowski M.
Studia Iuridica
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2016
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vol. 64
113-126
EN
In 1952 Witold Czachórski posited as a general principle of Polish contract law that legal actions leading of a transfer of wealth require for their validity a proper cause; the rule was construed as a mandatory one and precluded the creation of abstract obligations unless expressly permitted by law. Czachórski’s theory was underpinned by an in-depth analysis of the entire body of civil law, as well as axiological considerations that emphasized the need to control contractual fairness (Section 1). After 40 years of largely uncontroverted acceptance the rule was abruptly abandoned by the Supreme Court on grounds of freedom of contract (Section 2). Despite its fundamental nature, this change was not accompanied by any in-depth discussion in legal doctrine (Section 3). While unsatisfactory on a theoretical level, it seems in retrospect that this was, at a time of systemic transformation to a liberal market economy, a pragmatic and perhaps inevitable approach that served to further the newly re-established principle of freedom of contract. Paradoxically, however, with the contemporary shift to a more control-oriented approach to freedom of contract it would not be entirely surprising to see a rebirth of the role of cause and of Czachórski’s theory some time in the future (Section 4).
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