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EN
The article is an attempt to apply Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of art to cinema reality, particularly to deploy the category of „strategy” (which is understood as a „opportunity existing in the particular field”) and the theory of „the field of artistic production”. It deals with four contemporary Polish film-makers’ strategies. The author distinguished the Baron strategy, the Auteur strategy, the Professional strategy and the Partisan strategy. These are perceived, according to Pierre Boudieu’s approach, as a possibilities opened in field of artistic production and determined by relation of forces within a field and „habituses” of individual players. In this way these strategies are determined by filmmaker’s position within the field (for example old/young, consecrated/non-consecrated). They are also shaped by outside (mainly market) forces. The Baron strategy is available for older directors with high-level of artistic consecration and it is in some ways a combination of Professional and Auteur Strategy, similar to European „Quality Cinema” which lead to national historical blockbusters. The representatives of Auteur strategy often refer to past modernist cinema and „auteur model” form the 60’. They neglect the importance of wide audience and box-office success or - in wider perspective - the industrial and market dimension of cinema. Cinema is perceived as art, autonomous „art for art’s sake”, independent especially from market reality. The Professional strategy is at the antipodes of the former one. „Professionals” make concessions for the public and their works are created (or prepared) for the pre-existing market, use proven genre formulas and try to response to the wide public tastes and expectations in order to get massive admissions. Box-office success is a shield for critics’ and „elitist” public disregard.” The Partisan strategy can be found in productions commonly known as „off-cinema”.
Polonia Journal
|
2019
|
issue 10
143-164
PL
Problemem badawczym podjętym w artykule jest wątek polskiej migracji (Polaków wyjeżdżających z Polski i powracających do kraju po latach) uwidoczniony w kinie polskim po 1989 roku. Chcę sobie zadać pytania dotyczące motywów towarzyszących migracji i związanych z tym różnych jej rodzajów (polityczna, ekonomiczna, socjo-cywilizacyjna). Chodzi mi także o tropienie relacji pomiędzy filmem, realną przestrzenią kulturową i jednostkowym doświadczeniem i tożsamością, a przy tym o rozpoznanie różnych strategii reżyserów w podejściu do omawianej problematyki: od wyrażania „tragedii migracji” do euforii związanej z nowymi możliwościami ekonomicznymi i egzystencjalnymi. Zamierzam także podjąć kwestie dotyczące tego, jak narracje migracyjne wyrażają specyfikę polskiej transformacji oraz na ile ujawniają cechy medialnych dyskursów o niej. Przedmiotem analizy są filmy fabularne z lat dziewięćdziesiątych (300 mil do nieba reż. M. Dejczer, 1989; Ostatni prom reż. W. Krzystek, 1989; Przeklęta Ameryka reż. K. Tchórzewski, 1991; Trzy kolory: Biały reż. K. Kieślowski, 1994; Szczęśliwego Nowego Jorku rez. J. Zaorski, 1997, i in.).
EN
The aim of the article is to discuss the way of representing the migration motive in Polish post-communist cinematography. The term ‘Polish post-communist cinematography’ can be defined as the collection of national films created during the political system transformation that corresponds to it. The main research problems shown on the screen are the migration of Poles from Poland and their return after 1989. Motives accompanying migration and its related different kinds (political, economic, socio- civilizational) are of key significance. Tracking the relation between film, real cultural space and unique human experiences, as well as the investigation of different strategies of directors in terms of the discussed issues: from expressing ‘the migration tragedy’ to euphoria connected with new existential possibilities, is what I am concerned with. Moreover, the article includes following issues: how the migratory narratives express the specificity of Polish transformation and to what extent they reveal the characteristics of media discourse about this process. The subjects of analysis are feature films from the mainstream completed after 1989 (300 Miles to Heaven by Maciej Dejczer, 1989; The Last Ferry by Waldemar Krzystek, 1989; Three colours: White by Krzysztof Kieślowski, 1994; Happy New York by Janusz Zaorski, 1997; etc).
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