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PL
The author traces the changes in the depiction of the Huns in Roman literaturę sińce the Romans’ first encounter with those “two-legged beasts” until the break of the 5th and 6th centuries. Sample descriptions of the Huns are ąuoted both from historie sources (Ammianus Marcellinus, Priskos or Jordanes) and from late-Roman poetry (Claudius Claudianus, Merobaudes, Sidonius Appolinaris). There are subseąuently presented descriptions of appearance, fighting methods, conditions of living, social organisation and beliefs of the Huns. In depictions of the Huns by Roman authors in the 4-6th centuries some information can be found that is a reflection of the topoi rooted in the classical literaturę and related to the nomadic barbarians, which appeared already in Herodotus, Pompeius Trogus and others. On the other hand, some information can be found that differs among particular authors in correspondence with better familiarisation with the Huns and the changes taking place in the tribe. A dirty, primitive half-animal from Ammian Marcellinus, in less than a century was transformed into a representative of an influential barbarian people who is acąuainted with permanent settlement and achievements of the antiąuity (Attila’s and his officials’ dwellings depicted by Priskos or a famous Onegesios’s “balineion”). Analysing literary tropoi is an interesting research task, however analysing the second aspect, namely the gradual process of mutual acąuaintance ofthe Romans and the Huns and their perception of customs is not just interesting but also veryfruitful for developing knowledge about “states” of nomadic tribes at the break of ancient andmedieval Europę.
PL
W artykule rozważane są status i rola „lokalnej” władzy sądowej w powszechnym systemie lokalnych samorządnych wspólnot koczowniczej populacji przedrewolucyjnej Azji Centralnej.
EN
The article considers the status and the role of “native” judicial power in the system of common local self-government bodies among the nomadic population in the pre-revolutionary Central Asia.
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EN
The paper presents the lecture I delivered at Bradford University (GB) in 1973 and addresses the history of onomastics in the former Soviet Union.
PL
Artykuł zawiera wykład wygłoszony na Uniwersytecie w Bradford (Wielka Brytania) w 1973 roku i poświęcony jest problematyce historii nazewnictwa w byłym Związku Radzieckim.
EN
Relations between the Roman Empire and Sasanian Iran in the 5th century were largely the result of settling disputes and cooperation in the face of the threat that resulted from the aggressive moves of the nomad community. A great influence on the internal policy, and later also external, of Sasanian Iran was exerted by nomads from Central Asia and especially the Hephthalites described in this text, whose influence on the Sassanids finally led to the reorientation of their foreign policy to the west, which resulted in the outbreak of a new great war in the Middle East.
PL
Relacje między Cesarstwem Rzymskim a Iranem Sasanidów w V wieku były w dużej mierze wypadkową uregulowania spraw spornych i współpracy wobec zagrożenia, które wynikało z posunięć agresywnych społeczności nomadów. Wielki wpływ na politykę wewnętrzną, a później również zewnętrzną, Iranu Sasanidów mieli koczownicy z terenów Azji Środkowej, a szczególnie opisywani w niniejszym tekście Heftalici, których oddziaływanie na Sasanidów doprowadziło finalnie do przeorientowania się sasanidzkiej polityki zagranicznej na zachód, co zaowocowało wybuchem nowej wielkiej wojny na Bliskim Wschodzie.
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