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EN
The aim of this paper is to outline, comment upon and illustrate some new subjects (prototypicality, cognitive models, etc.) which cognitive linguistics offers to the traditional theory of terminology and to the semantic analysis of specialized terms. The paper therefore deals with questions such as: What significance does cognitive information (reflecting a naïve, non-specialized view of the world) have for terms? How can such information be used in the study of categorization and conceptualization of the contents of terms? By making use of findings from both traditional lexicology and semantics and from the cognitive sciences, and by using medical terminology as its material, the paper presents the processes of direct and indirect nomination as they relate to terminologization and determinologization. A selection of terms and names relating to the human body, its parts and organs and to human health or diseases is used to confront the scientific and cognitive approaches. The theoretical starting point, concerning the task of corporeality in human cognition, is applied in the analysis of the different kinds of reflection of cognition in medical terminology. The processes of categorization and nominalization of objective reality are also considered as they are reflected in the onomasiological structures of terms.
EN
The paper presents the picture of pain in Polish, as represented by numerous expressions figuring the lexeme ból ‘pain’. The expressions were documented either in dictionaries of Polish or in the PWN Corpus of Polish. The main focus is on conceptual metonymies and metaphors used by speakers and writers of Polish to think and talk about pain. It discusses the way they understand experiencing pain, what conceptual schemata and comparisons they invoke. Experiencing physical pain is shown according to the following profiles: 1) the pain itself as a process; 2) pain as a subject-phenomenon; 3) the feeling of pain by the subject-experiencer; 3) the localization of the pain; 4) the actions undertaken by the subject-experiencer to alleviate or eliminate pain; 6) the means used by the subject-experiencer to alleviate and/or eliminate pain. The final part of the paper discusses perspectives on contrastive research which include both a detailed analysis of lexemes pertaining to the semantic field of ‘pain’ in different languages and the comparison of the ways in which the pain is conceptualized in the languages analyzed.
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