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1

Developing a Knowledge-Based Economy as a Factor to Raise The Competitiveness of The Serbian Economy / Razvoj Privrede Zasnovane Na Znanju Kao Faktor Povećanja Konkurentnosti Privrede Srbije

100%
Filipović M., Nikolić M., Ilić V.
Economic Themes
|
2015
|
vol. 53
|
issue 2
185-210
EN
The most developed and most competitive countries today (including the leading countries of the European Union) are so-called “knowledge-based economies”, where knowledge, information and highly sophisticated skills play an important role in the development of the business and public sector. Knowledge and technology are becoming ever more complex, participation in knowledge-based economic activities is significantly increased (high-tech production and knowledge-based services), and connecting companies in these areas with private and public institutions facilitates development and the successful application of new innovations, thus raising the level of competitiveness of companies, industries and the country as a whole. In the last few years, rapid growth in the international trade of high-tech products and knowledge-based services has significantly changed a large number of countries’ international competitiveness. These trends show that creating, implementing and commercializing new technology and knowledge facilitates the development of high-tech products and knowledge-based services, which have become an important source of increasing productivity and manufacturing and export competitiveness. Thus high-tech sectors have become an important source of high added value and well-paid jobs, plus sustainable economic growth and global competitiveness. According to the World Economic Forum’s competitiveness rankings, Serbia is 95th out of 144 countries and is in the group of the 33 countries whose competitiveness is efficiency-driven. The achieved level of competitiveness of the domestic economy and the achieved level of economic development (Serbia is 75th in the world for GDP per capita in dollars) points to low productivity in the use of available (human, capital, financial, etc.) resources accompanied by high current spending, which is not a situation that is sustainable in the long-term. The research starts from the assumption that the development of high-tech- and knowledge-based activities plays a significant role in strengthening the competitiveness of the economy. A comparative analysis examines the link between the lagging Serbian economy in terms of competitiveness and the slower development of a knowledge-based economy, compared to the most highly developed European countries and selected countries in the region. A structural analysis and comparison of the most important business indicators (employment, productivity and added value) of high technology and knowledge-based companies shows the development and basic characteristics of the knowledge-based economy in Serbia and the macro-competitive position of Serbia compared to the leading and neighboring European Union countries. The paper also identifies the most important factors of developing a knowledge-based economy in Serbia, which needs to be improved to facilitate significant development of high-tech and knowledge-based activities as the basis for the future competitiveness of the domestic economy. The final objective of the paper is to point out the need for more substantial and faster development of a knowledge-based economy as a prerequisite for achieving long-term international competitiveness and sustainable development of the Serbian economy.
2

Encouraging Innovativeness of Small and Medium Enterprises in Serbia to Support Competitiveness Improvement in the Post-Crisis Period/ Podsticanje Inovativnosti Malih I Srednjih Preduzeća U Srbiji U Funkciji Unapređenja Konkurentnosti U Postkriznom Periodu

63%
Ivanović-Đukić M., Lazić M.
Economic Themes
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2015
|
vol. 52
|
issue 1
51-64
EN
The global economic crisis has taken a number of consequences. In order to overcome them, many of various measures on macroeconomic and microeconomic level should be implemented in the post-crisis period. A large number of developed and developing countries as a key lever in the post-crisis period would recognize the SME sector, so that the greatest number of macroeconomic policies aims at fostering its competitiveness. Previously, a competitive advantage of SMEs was generally founded on focusing on specific markets, competing in fragmented industry or on cost leadership. Nowdays, the ability to innovate is the most important source of their competitiveness. However, since the capacities of SMEs to introduce technological innovations are generally limited, strong macroeconomic support for increasing innovativeness of SMEs is necessary. This paper will explain measures which may increase innovativeness of SMEs and the impact of SMEs innovations on their competitiveness and the competitiveness of the economy in which they operate. A special emphasis will be on the analysis of innovativeness of the SMEs in Serbia.
XX
Globalna ekonomska kriza je ostavila veliki broj posledica. Da bi se one prevazišle, potrebno je u postkriznom periodu sprovesti različite mere na makroekonomskom i mikroekonomskom nivou. Veliki broj razvijenih zemalja i zemalja u razvoju je kao ključne poluge u postkriznom periodu prepoznao sektor malih i srednjih preduzeća (MSP), tako da je najveći broj mera makroekonomske politike usmeren na podsticanje njegove konkurentnosti. U prošlosti mala i srednja preduzeća su konkurentsku prednost uglavnom gradila fokusiranjem na specifične tržištne niše, fragmentirane grane ili vođstvom u troškovima, dok u savremenim uslovima poslovanja sve značajniji izvor njihove konkurentnosti postaje sposobnost inoviranja. Međutim, pošto su kapaciteti malih i srednjih preduzeća za uvođenje tehnoloških inovacija uglavnom ograničeni, potrebna je jaka makroekonomska podrška za povećanje inovativnosti MSP. U ovom radu će upravo biti objašnjene mere kojima se može uticati na povećanje inovativnosti MSP. Takođe će biti analiziran uticaj inovativnosti MSP na njihovu konkurentnost i konkurentnost privrede u kojoj posluju. Poseban osvrt biće na analizi inovativnosti MSP u Srbiji.
3

The Impact Of Exchange Rate Pass-Through On Serbian Export Competitiveness

63%
Marković I., Marković M.
Economic Themes
|
2014
|
vol. 52
|
issue 2
197-214
EN
The permanent existence of inflation in Serbia adversely affects achievement of macroeconomic stability. Its effects are reflected in a decrease in the real exchange rate, low price competitiveness of exports and deterioration in the balance of payments. The real exchange rate is an instrument which shows that in conditions of faster growth rate in a country than abroad, the domestic economy can't be competitive in the international market. Implementation of appropriate exchange rate regime inevitably leads to problems of exchange rate changes on import prices and inflation. The research aims to demonstrate the interdependence of inflation and depreciation, and the fact that the general price level increase is a main factor that hinders the realization of the positive effects of the national currency depreciation. Unstable monetary situation in the country undermines the goal of stimulating exports through an increase in the nominal exchange rate and by reducing export prices in foreign currency. Export becomes uncompetitive, while the depreciation of the national currency is quickly spread to inflation through the exchange rate pass-through.
4

Preduzetničko Okruženje i Konkurentnost u Bih i Srbiji / Business Environment and Competitiveness in Bih and Serbia

63%
Mićić J., Šarčević M.
ECONOMICS
|
2015
|
vol. 3
|
issue 1
5-20
HR
Bosna i Hercegovina zajedno sa Srbijom pokazuje lošije ekonomske performanse od susjednih zemalja, dok evropski prosjek ostaje daleka i umnogome nedostižna kategorija. Razlozi ovakvog nezadovoljavajućeg stanja su mnogi, i ovim radom se želi osvijetliti preduzetnički aspekt ekonomske dinamike ovih zemalja u poređenju sa svjetskim, evropskim i regionalnim prosjekom. Koristićemo komparativnu, statističku, dinamičku i kognitivnu analizu i sintezu u cilju jasnijeg sagledavanja uzroka situacije u kojoj se nalazimo, kao i uočavanja potencijalnih komparativnih prednosti. Kroz predstavljanje pozicija BiH i Srbije u izvještajima Svjetskog ekonomskog foruma u odnosu na ponderisane prosjeke svijeta, Evrope i regiona, preko analize osnovnih parametara konkurentnosti i detaljne analize indikatora preduzetništva doći ćemo do značajnih zaključaka o najvažnijim manjkavostima i mogućim prednostima preduzetništva u BiH i Srbiji. Ove rezultate bi trebalo imati na umu prilikom kreiranja budućih ekonomskih mjera uz značajnu upotrebnu vrijednost sadašnjim i budućim preduzetnicima.
EN
Bosnia and Herzegovina together with Serbia shows the poor economic performance compared to neighbor countries, while the European average remains a remote and largely unattainable category. The reasons for this unsatisfactory situation are many, and this paper aims to highlight the entrepreneurial aspect of the economic dynamics of these countries compared to the world, European and regional average. We will use comparative, statistical, dynamical and cognitive analysis and synthesis in order to get better insight into the causes of our current situation, as well as recognizing the potential comparative advantages. Through presentation of the BiH and Serbia position in the Reports of the World Economic Forum in relation to the weighted averages of the world, Europe and the region, and further through the analysis of the basic parameters of competitiveness and detailed analysis of business environment indicators we will reach important conclusions about the most important shortcomings and potential advantages of entrepreneurship in BiH and Serbia. These results should be kept in mind while creating future economic measures, and they have considerable usable value for current and future entrepreneurs.
5

EU Crises Multiplier - From One Crisis To Another

51%
Pešić I. V., Vanka G. M.
Economic Themes
|
2014
|
vol. 52
|
issue 2
215-241
EN
Since the wide spreading of the European Union (EU) crisis begun, the research papers have been providing different definitions such as currency crisis, competitiveness crisis, banking crisis, balance of payment crisis, but the most frequent notion of EU crises is the sovereign debt crisis. In this paper, the researchers agree that the current European crisis can be identified as sovereign debt crises at its surface, but in order to search for solutions of EU problems, we must look deeper into the sources of this crisis. Through this paper, the multiplication of crisis is explained, whereby it is being concluded that one type of crisis led to another, while staying on the point that the Eurozone current crisis is basically a combination of two core crisis: balance of payment crisis and banking crisis. In order to support the hypothesis that sovereign debt crisis is deeply connected with balance of payment crisis, we have analysed the trade and capital flows of European countries. It was discovered that periphery countries mostly financed their current account deficit, trade deficits and public deficit through external borrowing from creditor countries. Further, the periphery countries have been cumulating not only trade deficit in trade activity with other European partners, but also in trade with the rest of the world. The key source of imbalances between the European countries seems to be a different level of competitiveness caused by different level of productivity. As the second face of EU crises, we recognised a banking crisis. We found that sovereign debt crisis and banking crisis are interconnected but banking crisis usually precedes the debt crisis. With the fast growth of international capital flows, financial integration was strongly regionally concentrated and became especially important within the EU. Through the analysis of the international investment position of creditor countries, it was concluded that these countries are more integrated within the euro area through financial flows than through real economic flows. Additionally, it was discovered that creditor countries’ banks were among the biggest investors in bonds of periphery countries such as Greece. In other periphery countries such as Ireland, banking crisis and subsequent measures for the rescuing of banking system led to the increase of public debt. In the other countries, banks were faced with solvency problems due to bad debt holdings. Having in mind that we found interconnection of the debt crisis with balance of payment crisis on the one side, and with the banking crisis on the other side, the conclusion is that sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone is a result of two-core crisis: balance of payment crisis and bank crisis. Reckoning on the European Union history where each crisis usually led to the stronger integration, maybe the current crisis is a step further towards better and deeper integration.
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