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PL
W artykule omówiono zagrożenia związane z nielegalnym wprowadzaniem do obrotu steroidów anaboliczno--androgennych (SAA) w Polsce. Zagrożenie to Narodowy Instytut Leków dostrzega w trakcie opracowywanych opinii kryminalistycznych, wykonywanych dla Policji, prokuratur, Straży Granicznej i innych instytucji. Opinie dotyczą preparatów z SAA, z różnych powodów niedopuszczonych do obrotu w Polsce, oraz surowców do ich produkcji, a także preparatów dopuszczonych do obrotu, ale wprowadzanych do obrotu z naruszeniem obowiązujących przepisów lub preparatów sfałszowanych. W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono przepisy prawa karnego, które kryminalizują nielegalny obrót produktami, w skład których wchodzą SAA. Struktura przepisów karnych w Polsce nie sprzyja ograniczaniu ilości nielegalnie wprowadzanych produktów zawierających w składzie SAA na rynku polskim. Produkty zawierające w składzie SAA mają co do zasady status produktów leczniczych dostępnych z przepisu lekarza. Przedstawiono możliwości stosowania przez policję i prokuratury innych, bardziej dolegliwych przepisów kodeksu karnego i innych ustaw. Dla porównania przedstawiono inny system obowiązujący przy obrocie SAA w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Obowiązują tam bardziej restrykcyjne przepisy w tym względzie. SAA są traktowane jako substancje kontrolowane na równi z narkotykami, a ich obecnością na rynku zajmuje się DEA - agencja rządowa powołana do zwalczania przestępczości narkotykowej.
EN
This article provides an insight into the issue of illicit marketing of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) i Poland. This risk attached to this phenomenon is particularly reflected in forensic opinions elaborated b the National Medicines Institute for the Police, prosecutor's offices, Border Guard and other agencies. Th casework opinions concern AAS preparations not admitted to trading in Poland for various reasons, ra\ materials used in the production process, preparations admitted to trading, yet marketed in breach of th applicable provisions of law, and finally, falsified preparations. The article presents a rangę of the provision of law, penalizing illicit marketing of AAS-containing products. The structure of criminal law provisions i Poland does not support the efficient reduction of AAS-containing products unlawfully introduced on th Polish market. As a rule, AAS-containing products are classified as medicinal products subject to medicj prescription. The authors discuss the possibilities of applying alternative, morę restrictive provisions of th Penal Codę and other acts by the Police and prosecutors. For comparison purposes, a U.S. scheme of dealin with AAS marketing phenomenon was presented. The provisions of law in the U.S. are morę restrictive a regards AAS, which are regarded as controlled substances equally with narcotics and dealt with by the Dru Enforcement Administration - a government agency responsible for combating drug-related crime.
EN
In recent years, the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events has reached a dimension that allows to talk about a crisis of global warming. Mighty heat waves cause long-term changes in the environment, such as straining of the land with devastating economic, social (migration, unemployment) and political (internal and external conflicts) consequences. They also cause serious health consequences; trigger temporary and permanent weakening of immunity, an increase in the incidence of many diseases and, consequently, an rise in mortality. Certain social groups are particularly vulnerable to the negative impact of extremely high temperatures: the elderly, pregnant women and young children, people in a state of multimorbidity, migrants, as well as city dwellers. People living in particularly climatically dangerous regions – tropical Africa, South Pacific islands – are also exposed to a much greater extent than people living in other regions. The growing awareness of climate threats, supported by the results of many research projects, has prompted the international community to cooperate. Since the 1970s, international conferences on climate protection have been held on the initiative of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the World Meteorological Organization. This has led to the adoption of a number of agreements, including the Paris Agreements in 2015, which are intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and curb temperature rise. The European Green Deal document should also be mentioned. This complex and multithreaded activity can reasonably be described as global climate policy. Although many countries are not motivated enough to actively participate, there is a chance that cooperation within the framework of global climate policy and international public health will bring to people positive health results.
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