Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 25

first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  konserwacja zabytków
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
EN
In curricula of studies at the Faculty of Architecture, Technical University, Warsaw from its beginings datin back to 1915 up to the present day has been included as subject the conservation of monuments with a total of ab,out 30 hours of lectures in the course of the fourth year. These lectures have as their general purpose to make the fu tu re architect fam'iliar with problems of conservation of monuments and also with those connected with their adaptation to requirements of modern life. A specialized training in this field is being conducted within the Faculty in form of post-graduaUon courses of conservation which have been made accessible not ,only for architects but also for those representing other disciplines and through their everyday professional work linked with problems of monument protection. ,The curriculum of this two-year course covers the following lines: theory of conservation of monuments, h'istory of building a rt in Poland, methodology of investigations, survey and photographic records, technical problems involved in conservation of monuments, the scope of restorers work, revaluation of historical centres of towns, landscape protection, legal and organizational problems. The above courses have been started in 1970 and it is likely that their curriculum will be subjected to some modifications as a result of experiences gathered.
EN
The article discusses the features and use of artificial resins obtained by ethirification of cellulose. Apart from the two generally known and frequently used ethers: methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose, other ethers were pointed out, such as ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and benzyl cellulose. The commercial names and names of producers of the more important cellulose ethers were given, with literature concerning their use in the conservation of paper, natural fibre fabrics and paintings done in distemper.
EN
This text was presented at the session on „History and the Work of Art", w h ich was organized in 1 9 8 8 by the Association of Art Historians. The restoration of architectural monuments, being a product of 17th and 19th century historism, was once a feature of the architectural ideology and thus subordinated to the same historical styles. At the turn of the 19th and 20 th centuries, the development of new construction materials and the architects' breaking off with historical styles could also open new perspectives for the restoration of historical objects. A scientific base was fo rm ulated (by A. Riegl, among others). By introducing a system of evaluation and the concept of the original material and structure of an old architectural work, the road was opened for the development of historical object preservation, for the maintenance of its material shape, its adaptation to contemporary functional needs. It could be expected that there wo uld be a withdrawa l from the principles of 19 th-century architectural restoration, when historical monuments were rebuilt after historical styles in the name of an imagined concept of the contemporary restorer, sometimes under the deceptive slogan of restoring the original state. The collapse of the campanile of S. Marco, Venice, and its immediate reconstruction at the beginning of the 20th century, posed new questions to historical-object restorers. Then the tw o world wars created a new situation. Not many countries of Europe refrained from post-war reconstruction of already nonexistent churches, tow n halls etc. The author analyses the causes of this action, pointing to a number of myths created by restorers in the 20th century in an effort to prove the objective nature of their undertakings, so as to avoid the pitfalls faced by 19th-century restorers of architectural objects. These are undertakings which to a certain extent strive for the feeling of comfort of those working at the restoration of historical heritage. The essence of the matter lies in the interpretation of history, which each generation approaches from its own perspective. If, however, the goal is to preserve the heritage of past ages, to adapt it to contemporary and future functions, then an answer must be provided to the question: is it our task to recreate history, is the construction of copies an expression of respect for the history of our species and its achievements. It must be emphasized that 20th-century architecture has also passed through several recurrences of historism. In many countries a withdrawal from post-modernism is sought in the preference for contemporary solutions that reach into the future. There is no reason, however, for historical object restoration to repeat all the trends that contemporary architecture goes through. We must nevertheless answer the question how we, historical object restorers, understand history and what our duties are towards it. This is also an issue of professional ethics.
10
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

W odpowiedzi na list

70%
EN
Access to the UNESCO Convention on World Heritage, passed in 1972, by numerous states of the Far East and their declarations of cultural property to be placed on the World Heritage List, disclosed a profound divergence between two philosophical-methodological approaches to conservation and the protection of historical monuments. The European conception, based on the authenticity of substance, is derived in a straight line from the Roman-Christian cult of the holy relics, and is applied in the case of permanent building material and a mild climate. Only in those conditions, and with suitable conservation, can an architectural object last for centuries and millennia in its unaltered material structure. The Far Eastern conception is based exclusively on the authenticity of form, function and tradition, and originates from a belief in reincarnation. It is employed for unstable (soil, timber, bark, and bast) and in an extremel aggressive climate. Solely thanks to the principle of a systematic exchange of used elements or whole fragments of a building could the old architecture of the Far East, at Times boasting of a more than a thousand year-old lineage, survive to our times in a form close to the original. It must be stressed th a t both contradictory philosophies possess certain universal elements and made undeniable conmaterial tributions to the protection of cultural heritage. If during the discussion waged by the East and the West we opt for mutual respect for our philosophies, recognising their great although different merits for the protection of cultural property and, at the same time, indicate the fact that the development of science and technology permits and suggests the retention of original substance in all those instances when it is possible, then we shall be taking an important step towards a universal conception, albeit enmaterial dowed with a truly pluralistic character.
EN
The article is devoted to a Lemko village of Bartne situated in the Low Beskids, in the valley of Bartnianka stream, between the mountain ranges covered with forest. The village has a layout characteristic for the so-called forest village, in which a road running along a stream constitutes the main axis, and there are dirt roads perpendicular to it. Bartne was founded in the 16th century on the basis of the Wallachian rights. A family of a well-known composer Dmitry Bortniansky, the court composer of Tsarina Catherine the Great, came from here and an eulogist of Lemkivshchyna, novelist Wladimir Ignatiewicz Chiljak lived here for many years. The village became famous for local stonecutters whose manufacture (roadside shrines, cemetery tombstones, handmills) was recognised in the vicinity and beyond. Among the village buildings dominate two sacral ones: the older Greek-Catholic church and the Orthodox church established in the inter-war period. The cemeteries are also important: a parish cemetery, a choleric cemetery (from the 19th c.) and a war cemetery (from World War I). The inhabitants of the village lived in houses typical of Lemkos, the so-called chyża, where both the residential and the farming part were under one roof. A chyża was accompanied by separate granaries, cellars or other outhouses (forge, cart house, etc.). Fortunately, the buildings in the village survived the operation “Vistula” which was carried out by the Communists after World War II and consisted in forced resettlement of the local population to completely culturally unfamiliar northern areas of Poland. The political thaw after the Stalin’s death allowed the return of the displaced people to their homeland and resettle the surviving farms. Bartne, which was noticed by the conservation services in the 1960s, soon became the object of thorough studies carried out by a team of researchers from Kraków under the direction of Marian Kornecki, the leading researcher of wooden architecture in Poland. In the paper that crowned the fieldwork, completed in 1978, the team postulated the entry of the village layout and its buildings, as well as the most valuable individual farmhouses, to the register of historic monuments. In the same year the relevant inscriptions were made, and Bartne was recognised as an urban and architectural reserve. According to the assumptions proposed by M. Kornecki’s team, the village was supposed to have three protection zones: 1) a strict reserve, 2) an intensified protection zone, 3) a general protection zone. Today, 35 years after the foundation of the reserve, Bartne has transformed from a typical Lemko village into a model example of a devastated cultural landscape where the still untouched nature is accompanied by a small number of preserved wooden houses as well as stone and wooden granaries, but is dominated by brick buildings that are chaotic in their layout and aggressive in their form and colours, and ignore the harmony between the human creation and the nature’s one. Conservation services suffered a spectacular defeat in Bartne. Despite the recognition of the village as a reserve – the area subject to particular protection by definition – it lost within one generation most of those values which played a decisive role when it was granted the special status in 1978. There are many reasons that caused such situation: exclusion of the local population from the process of establishing the reserve, which made them hostile to the whole idea, withdrawal of people capable of executing the initial vision, abandonment of comprehensive and coordinated protective measures, inability to initiate a dialogue with the owners of historic buildings, lack of funds for specialized repairs. In today’s Bartne only a few enclaves of historic wooden buildings and individual historic objects have been preserved, overwhelmed by new, in general ugly, brick buildings, which do not constitute a cohesive and harmonious layout anymore. The reserve de facto stopped existing. At the moment, you can only protect humble remains that have been disappearing in the recent years at an alarming pace anyway. However, a radical change of approach by conservation services and local population, an idea for proper implementation of protective measures and their management as well as a more flexible model of financing are necessary, which could be achieved with the changes in the system of monuments protection in Poland proposed in the article.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na nieudane prace konserwatorskie na obszarze Lubelszczyzny, której „marką kulturową” jest manierystyczna architektura sakralna i świecka. Jednym z cennych obiektów stylu nazwanego „renesansem lubelskim” jest unikatowa w formie i symbolice Kaplica Loretańska w Gołębiu (pow. puławski). Poddana zabiegom renowacyjnym w latach 2011–2012 utraciła wiele w zakresie substancji zabytkowej. Dowodem jest porównanie stanu zabytku sprzed prac konserwatorskich z obecnym. Autorka próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie o przyczyny przeprowadzania obecnie prac konserwatorskich, jak się wydaje, z pominięciem ustawowo regulowanych procedur na kolejnych etapach takich zadań.
EN
The main aim of this article is to draw attention to unsuccessful renovation works in the Lublin Region. The Lublin Region is famous for Mannerist architecture. The Loretto Chapel in Gołąb near Puławy is one of the most precious masterpieces of the Lublin Renaissance style (local variety of Mannerism). The Loretto Chapel was renovated in 2011–2012. During that renovation it lost much of its authentic artistic matters. The proof for this statement can be a comparison between the condition before and after renovation. The author asks for the reasons for unprofessional renovation, which was carried out without necessary procedures prescribed by Polish law.
EN
In his capacity as General Conservator o f Historical Monuments, the author discusses the development o f the philosophy o f conservation and shares his reflections about the twentieth-century transformations o f the concepts o f „conservation” and „historical monuments”. A presentation o f the inner development o f conservation within the cultural-social and political-economic context comprises a foundation for indicating paths for resolving the critical situation. These paths entail: preventive conservation, the protection o f the landscape/cultural/historical environment, integral conservation, as well as conservation via documentation. Interesting predictions concerning the future o f conservation and cultural property are summed up in expectations vis a vis the strategy for an international protection o f cultural property; at the same time, the author declares that the progress o f the political and economic unification o f Europe could predestine our small Continent to play a leading role in setting up strategic methods and systems that, following their modification, could serve other continents. Unfortunately, the activity o f European organizations (the Council o f Europe, the European Union, the UNESCO European programme, and others) as regards the protection of cultural property is neither coordinated or sufficiently based on the experiences and activity o f men o f science.
Porównania
|
2015
|
vol. 17
105-122
EN
After the reclaim of independence by countries of the Central-Eastern Europe, the issue of protection of monuments became a part of the new historic and national rhetoric. This article shows examples of the reconstruction and creation of monuments after 1989 year in Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine. New contemporary ideas are encoded in the monuments and subsequently they become important factors shaping present day economy, society and nations. Reconstructions after 1989 have to be interpreted as the realisation of contemporary politics adorned with historic symbols. Interventions in the architecture of the monuments result from the need to restore the lost heritage to much fuller glory than had even existed before its destruction.
PL
Po odzyskaniu niezależności przez państwa Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej ochrona zabytków stała się częścią nowej retoryki historyczno-narodowej. W artykule omówione zostały przykłady rekonstrukcji i kreowania zabytków po 1989 roku w Polsce, na Litwie oraz na Ukrainie. W zabytkach kodowane są nowe współczesne treści ideowe i stają się one ważnym czynnikiem współczesnych procesów gospodarczych, społecz-nych i narodowych. Rekonstrukcje po 1989 roku należy odczytywać jako realizację współczesnej polityki ubranej w symbole historyczne. Ingerencje w tkankę zabytku są podyktowane dążeniem, by utracone dziedzictwo po rekonstrukcji było jeszcze wspanialsze niż przed zniszczeniem.
EN
Cast-iron shelters were used in the 19th century as cheaper alternatives to large platform halls. Nevertheless, they were aesthetically distinguishable from later riveted solutions. Because of their durability and continuous utility, they were not the subject of disassembly, as numerous transport infrastructure objects have been in recent decades. This article aims to indicate proper conservation practices during construction works on cast-iron platform shelters. Nowadays, most frequently, they take place during the modernization of railroad stations. As presented in this text, the approach to conservation procedures can be significantly different. The paper investigates technical and architectural solutions of selected instances of cast-iron platform shelters in Vistula Pomerania. Some references to foreign designs are also presented. The analysis of literature and archival documentation of the project, as well as the field studies, enabled us to formulate conclusions – recommendations for the proper procedure in respect of this type of object. Cast-iron platform shelters ought to be preserved as the unique remnant of 19th-century architecture. It is recommended to use an adequately selected material during the works and to restore the artistic qualities of cast-iron structures by restoring their original paintings. The author also refers to the realization of new roofing created in the preserved historical objects’ closest vicinity. Based on the illustrated instances, he recommends efforts to maintain consistency between new or reconstructed structures and authentic 19th-century ones. Simultaneously author emphasizes the necessity of avoiding the obliteration of the distinction between them. He drew attention to the challenges of repairing cast-iron pillars, giving examples of techniques that can be applied.
PL
Żeliwne wiaty były stosowane w XIX w. jako tańsze odpowiedniki wielkich hal peronowych. Mimo to wyróżniały się swoją estetyką na tle późniejszych – nitowanych – rozwiązań. Ze względu na ich trwałość i ciągłą przydatność nie podlegały rozbiórkom jak wiele obiektów techniki transportowej w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie dobrych praktyk konserwatorskich w trakcie prac budowlanych dotyczących żeliwnych wiat peronowych. Współcześnie mają one najczęściej miejsce przy modernizacji dworców kolejowych. Jak przedstawiono w niniejszym tekście, sposób podejścia do zabiegów konserwatorskich może być znacząco różny. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań rozwiązań technicznych oraz architektonicznych wybranych przykładów żeliwnych zadaszeń peronowych na terenie Pomorza Nadwiślańskiego. Przedstawiono także nawiązania do realizacji poza granicami Polski. Analiza literatury przedmiotu i archiwalnej dokumentacji projektowej, a także badania terenowe umożliwiły sformułowanie wniosków – rekomendacji dla właściwego postępowania przy tego typu obiektach. Jako unikatowa pozostałość po architekturze XIX w. żeliwne wiaty peronowe powinny być bezwzględnie chronione. W trakcie prac wskazane jest stosowanie odpowiednio dobranego materiału, a także dążenie do przywrócenia żeliwnym wiatom ich walorów artystycznych poprzez odtworzenie pierwotnej kolorystyki. Autor artykułu odnosi się również do realizacji nowych zadaszeń, powstających w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie zachowanych historycznych obiektów. Bazując na przedstawionych przykładach, rekomenduje dążenie do zachowania spójności nowych lub rekonstruowanych obiektów z autentycznymi realizacjami z XIX w. Jednocześnie podkreśla konieczność dbałości o to, by granica między nimi nie uległa zatarciu. Zwrócił uwagę na trudności, jakie mogą dotyczyć prac naprawczych przy żeliwnych słupach, podając przykłady technik możliwych do zastosowania.
EN
The geographic information system (GIS) has become a very popular and useful tool to aggregate and process spatial data. In this paper, the implementation of data obtained during survey seasons at the El Fuerte de Samaipata (Bolivia) archaeological site and results of data analysis on the GIS platform are presented. In addition to the thematic layers, a description of the sectors and archaeological relics was added to the whole system. The implemented layers are related to orthoimages created from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and from close range photogrammetry (in visual, spectral, and infrared light), raw photos of petroglyphs, a highly detailed vector plan of the site, conservation risk maps, new spatial divisions, description layers, and a digital terrain model (DTM) based on the results of TLS. Such a system, with an implemented DTM, allows rainwater runoff and its impact on the archaeological site to be analysed. Thus, the paper presents a study on some hydrological conditions of the Samaipata rock. It is part of the larger research project “Architectural examination and complex documentation of Samaipata (El Fuerte de Samaipata/Bolivia) site from the World Heritage List”. The results of this study are considered mainly from the point of view of conservation recommendations and strategies. Same aspects, however, may influence future studies on the chronology and cultural affiliation of the Samaipata rock carvings.
PL
System informacji geograficznej (GIS) stał się bardzo popularnym i użytecznym narzędziem do agregowania i przetwarzania danych przestrzennych. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono implementację danych uzyskanych podczas sezonów badań na stanowisku archeologicznym El Fuerte de Samaipata (Boliwia) oraz wyniki analizy danych na platformie GIS. Oprócz warstw tematycznych do całego systemu dodano opis sektorów i zabytków archeologicznych. Zaimplementowane warstwy są powiązane z ortoobrazami utworzonymi z naziemnego skanowania laserowego (TLS), fotogrametrii bliskiego zasięgu (w świetle wizualnym, spektralnym i podczerwonym), surowych zdjęć petroglifów, bardzo szczegółowego planu wektorowego, map ryzyka, nowego podziału przestrzennego stanowiska, warstw opisowych oraz cyfrowego model terenu (DTM) opartego na wynikach TLS. Taki system przetwarzania danych z wdrożonym DTM pozwala na analizę spływu wody deszczowej i jej oddziaływania na stanowisko archeologiczne. W związku z tym w artykule przedstawiono badania niektórych warunków hydrologicznych skały Samaipata. Badania są częścią większego projektu „Badania architektoniczne i kompleksowa dokumentacja stanowiska Samaipata (Fuerte de Samaipata/Boliwia) z Listy Światowego Dziedzictwa”. Wyniki tych prac rozpatrywane są głównie z punktu widzenia zaleceń i strategii ochrony skały. Te same aspekty mogą jednak wpłynąć na przyszłe badania dotyczące chronologii i przynależności kulturowej rzeźb skalnych Samaipata.
FR
L’une des bases de l’histoire de l’art, considérée comme discipline scientifique à part, est la conservation des monuments. Celle-ci est en fait un travail de découverte: elle parvient souvent à mettre à jour le véritable caractère du monument caché sous de nombreuses couches. Voici pourquoi la conservation des monuments n’est point seulement une discipline technique, mais bien une science appartenant aux humanités. Le conservateur n’est point qu’un fonctionnaire administratif, mais un homme de science en premier lieu. D ’ordinaire, le public n’a p précie point à sa juste valeur le travail du conservateur et pourtant, sans lui, l’histoire de l’art ne saurait exister. La conservation conditionne l’enseignement de l ’histoire de l’art en assurant l’e x i stence des monuments attaqués par le temps et d ’autres facteurs de destruction, en fournissant constamment de nouveaux matériaux, eu renforçant la science et é tendant les limites de ses é tude s et de ses recherches. Les travaux des conservateurs obligent la science à opérer la révision de ses opinions, à les approfondir et les étendre et, bien des fois, à les mo difier totalement. L’histoire générale de l’art nous fournit quantité d ’exemples à l’appui de cette thèse, comme par ex. la découverte de l’antiquité par lu renaissance (Raphaël conservateur), la dé couverte de Pompé i et d’Ilerculanum au XVl I l -e s., les mérites de Violletle- Duc, la découverte de l’art asiatique, arabe et grec (monuments transportés aux musées d’Europe). Les mérites des conservateurs polonais, infatigables dans leur tâche, ne sont pas moindres à l’égard de l’histoire de l’art en Pologne, ( l ’est d’après leur travail et leurs découvertes ((ne prenaient forme et se modifiaient nos connaissances sur les arts plastiques en Pologne. L’auteur cite de nombreux exemples de l ’histoire de l’art chez nous. Dans le domaine de l’archéologie préhistorique et des débuts de l’histoire, les résultats scientifiques de la conservation ont anéanti les suggestions toutes partiales de la science allemande; ils ont prouvé que notre culture ethnique propre était d’un niveau élevé. (Fouilles de Biskupin, d ’Opole, de Gniezno, de Poznań, de Kleck, de Santok, de Volhynie, de Rügen). Notre „urbanisme" promitif témoigne de formes déjà mûres incontestablement, notamment pour les fortifications (par. ex. les constructions puissantes et originales, en bois, des fortifications de Gniezno). Les découvertes des premiers temps de l’histoire, préromanes et romanes (YVuwel, rotonde des saints Fé l ix et Adauct, c a thédrale de Boleslas Chrobry, premier château en maçonnerie) ont modi f ié les anciennes opinions sur l’art de la construction dans notre pays, elles ont fait ressortir les relations avec les Tchèques ainsi que les traditions du pays des Vislaniens. Ont témoigné du niveau élevé de nos constructions et de notre sculpture de l’époque du roman, les dé couvertes des conservateurs à Cieszyn (rotonde), à l’église de st. André à Cracovie, les extraordinaires résultats des recherches opérées à l’église de Strzelno, au couvent de Tvniec et à l’église de Miechów. L’étude des parties gothiques du Wawel, la mise à nu de la plus riche construction gothique dans la cathédrale de Poznań, les travaux entrepris à Szydłów et à Wrocław ont grandement élargi nos jugements sur l’art gothique. Pour ce qui est de la peinture, les découvertes faites lors de la conservation du maître-autel de Wit Stwosz ont enrichi nos connaissances dans ce domaine de l’art gothique en Pologne. La découverte des peintures des églises ruthenes de Sandomir, Lublin et Wiślica, sont d’une importance fort grande pour la peinture (lu XV-e s. Les problèmes de la renaissance ont été traités sur un plan beaucoup plus étendu à la suite des découvertes opérées au Wawel, à Zamość et, dernièrement, au château de Pieskowa Skala. Grâce à la d é couverte (les fresques de Mogila (Stanislas Samostrzelnik) l ’individualisme émi nent de la peinture polonaise au temps de la renaissance a été mis en évidence. Bien d ’autres découvertes du domaine de la polychromie des XVII-e et XVII I-e s. ont enrichi la science; les collections privées ayant été rendues accessibles, grâce au travail des conservateurs, on a ainsi acquis les bases d’une étude poussée du portrait en Pologne au XVI l -e s. Le vif intérêt apporté par les conservateurs au problème de la construction en bois, a permis d’établir la genèse et le déve loppement du type polonais d’églises en bois. A la lumière de ces faits, il semble que les thèses énoncées au début de cet article soient 'suffissamment appuyées . Il faut donc réserver au x travaux des conservateurs lu place qui leur convient, car ils exercent une grande influence sur la culture, portent un caractère d ’actualité et les traits d’une activité pratique.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue 4
79-124
EN
The article concerns the reception of medieval altarpieces by the most significant Polish history painter, Jan Matejko. That was used for a creation of new works of art based upon historical forms (but not stylistic) that were derived from real historical monuments. Matejko was interested neither in contemporary pattern books for architects nor in reconstructions done according to imagined vision of style, mainly Gothic, which was proposed by restorers like Carl Heideloff or Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc. He gained his knowledge about real, existing medieval altarpieces during his journeys in Poland and abroad, which he took in his youth, and also through his participation in restorations of medieval monuments in Kraków, first of all – the Gothic altarpiece by Wit Stwosz in Mariacki church. Thanks to these experience he got to know a construction of altarpieces and details such as the types of medieval figures, their costumes, weapons, crafts, but also stylistic features that were not well recognized by restorers’ environment in Kraków. Additionally, that verified two types of the reception of the Middle Ages. One, philosophical and emotional, characteristic for Romanticism and propagated by the philosopher and art lover Józef Kremer and the second, characteristic for the artist, restorer and one of the first historians of art, Władysław Łuszczkiewicz that criticized artistic realisations done ages ago from the contemporary point of view. Repairing old and designing new altarpieces was a difficult task for Matejko as very often he was confronted by different points of view on restoration. The most discouraging was a dispute between followers of the unity of style (Józef Łepkowski, Władysław Łuszczkiewicz) and their opponents who appreciated the original form of the monument, including later elements from different epochs (Piotr Michałowski, Paweł Popiel, Stanisław Tomkowicz). Then Matejko’s work was located between verification of ideas of restoration, models of writing about art, opinions about style of monuments on one side and the analytical research on an external appearance and features of construction of local objects on the other side. Neither his knowledge, experience trained thanks to deep and critical observations and comparisons of historic works of art – but, unfortunately, without a support in an authority of restoration theories done by western historians of art and architecture – nor his designs, did not gained respect in Krakow among people concentrated on theoretical opinions on restoration and on ideas concerning forms and meaning of the monuments in Krakow.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest specyficznym uwarunkowaniom i wielostronnej recepcji średniowiecznych retabulów ołtarzowych przez najwybitniejszego polskiego malarza historycznego Jana Matejkę. Recepcja polegała na kreowaniu nowych dzieł w oparciu o formy historyczne (ale nie stylowe), czerpane z realnych zabytków, nie zaś ze współczesnych wzorników architektonicznych lub rekonstrukcji dokonywanych według imaginowanej wizji stylu, co proponowali konserwatorzy tacy, jak Carl Heideloff lub Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc. Matejce pomocna była wiedza o wyglądzie realnych ołtarzy nabyta w czasie podróży krajowych i zagranicznych, odbywanych w latach młodości, oraz udział w restauracji średniowiecznych zabytków, przede wszystkim ołtarza Wita Stwosza w kościele Mariackim w Krakowie, który umożliwił mu poznanie budowy i konstrukcyjnych zagadnień związanych z budową ołtarza, szczegółów wyglądu średniowiecznych typów postaci, ich strojów, narzędzi, broni, rzemiosła, a także cech stylistycznych, zagadnienia słabo znanego środowisku dokonującemu konserwacji krakowskich zabytków. Doświadczenia te weryfikowały typ filozoficznej i emocjonalnej recepcji średniowiecza, charakterystycznej dla epoki romantyzmu, propagowany przez krakowskiego filozofa i miłośnika sztuki Józefa Kremera oraz typ oceny krytycznej względem plastyki i zagadnień typowo artystycznych, który prezentował artysta, konserwator i jeden z pierwszych historyków sztuki Władysław Łuszczkiewicz. Matejce projektowanie utrudniały niespójne poglądy konserwatorskie krakowskiego środowiska, przede wszystkim spór toczony między zwolennikami przywracania jedności stylowej zabytków (Józef Łepkowski, Władysław Łuszczkiewicz), a ich przeciwnikami, twierdzącymi, iż kryterium rozstrzygającym o poprawności restauracji jest substancja pierwotna obiektu, włącznie z nawarstwieniami stylowymi różnych epok (Piotr Michałowski, Paweł Popiel, Stanisław Tomkowicz). Twórczość Matejki lokowała się zatem pomiędzy weryfikacją idei konserwatorskich, modeli pisania o sztuce i poglądów na stylistykę zabytków minionych epok, a szczegółowymi badaniami wyglądu i cech konstrukcyjnych lokalnych obiektów. Jego wiedza i doświadczenie zdobyte na podstawie wnikliwych i krytycznych obserwacji i porównań dawnych dzieł sztuki i rzemiosła, ale pozbawione oparcia w autorytecie teorii konserwatorskiej wypracowanej przez zagranicznych historyków sztuki i architektury – podobnie jak tworzone na tej podstawie projekty – nie zdobyły uznania środowiska skoncentrowanego na teoretycznym poznawaniu postaw konserwatorskich oraz idei dotyczących rozpoznania form i znaczenia krakowskich zabytków, za to wykorzystującego koniunkturalnie autorytet Matejki, jako artysty.
PL
Artykuł opisuje proces przygotowań do konserwacji artystycznego zielnika Elizy Orzeszkowej ze zbiorów Muzeum Narodowego w Warszawie. Przedstawione interdyscyplinarne działania miały na celu dokładne poznanie historii, techniki i technologii wykonania zabytku oraz jego stanu zachowania. Umożliwiły również opracowanie zgodnych z etyką konserwatorską metod postępowania w trakcie konserwacji.
EN
The paper presents a process of preparation for conservation and restoration of an artistic herbarium made by Eliza Orzeszkowa, stored in the National Museum of Warsaw. The purpose of the presented interdisciplinary action was thorough recognition of the history, technology of the realization of the artifact and the state of its preservation. Thanks to those actions it was possible to create methods of conservation treatment that were compatible with conservation and restoration ethics.
first rewind previous Page / 2 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.