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Szkoły i drukarnie zakonne na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej w XVIII-XIX wieku

100%

Gach P. P.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

2002

vol. 30

issue 2

105-125

In the beginning the author shows the historical process through which the concept of collegium took shape as a university residence for students and professors, a boarding house for students (not only in Poland but also in such countries as France, Italy, England, Spain, and Germany), a secondary school and a semi-high school (occupational or other) before going to university. The further parts of the paper is devoted to collegia as secondary schools. Starting from the 16th century on, collegia (secondary schools) were established in Poland. They were run by religious orders which can be defined as teaching orders. They were as follows: Jesuits, Piarists, Theatins, and Basilians. In the period of the Enlightenment, ie in the second half of the 18th century, other orders joined them. In order to satisfy the social need, they organized and ran secondary schools, e.g. Benedictines, Cistercians, Friars of the Tomb of the Lord, Regular Lateran Canons, Bartolomites, (also called communists for they strictly abode by the life in a religious community). The religious collegia comprised the teaching staff with its rector at the head, a number of didactic rooms, a church, and the religious home (with different names), the boarding house called a convict, a library, and a theatrical hall. In bigger centres there wad a printing house, a pharmacy with a hospital, research-didactic studies, an astronomical observatory, (botanic and fruit) gardens, workshops for production and service, and other buildings. The author gives the number of those collegia, discusses their structure and curricula in particular periods from the 16th to the 18th century. Similarly, he has characterized noble convicts, being part of the collegium and occupied with elite education for the future politicians and state officials. Their students came from nobel and magnate families. Now diocesan seminars were important didactic-educational institutions (in the 17th-18th centuries they provided a two-year and in the 19th century a four-year tuition. They were run by the Congregation of Missionaries of St Vincent a Paulo (Congregatio Sacerdotum Saecularium Missionis S.V. a Paulo). Finally, the author quotes a number of printing houses at the above collegia and seminar in Poland in the years 1700-1864 and points to the main types of their publishing production, such as: various kinds of handbooks, ABC books, catechisms, didactic manuals, calendars, posters and theatrical plays, sermons, prayer books, liturgical, historical, theological, and fiction works. He postulates further reach on the collegia and religious printing houses.

Jezuickie instytucje edukacyjne w Orszy 1773–1820

70%

Bieś A. P.

Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana

2016

vol. 19

issue 3

15-34

Celem artykułu opisującego funkcjonowanie jezuickich placówek edukacyjnych, istniejących w latach 1773–1820 w położonym nad Dnieprem mieście powiatowym Orsza, jest przybliżenie fenomenu przetrwania i kontynuowania prac wychowawczo-oświatowych w warunkach poważnego kryzysu instytucjonalnego. Dla wspomnianych placówek kryzys ten był związany z jednej stron z upadkiem polskiej państwowości i włączeniem w struktury obcego państwa, a z drugiej z perturbacjami wywołanymi nieskuteczną próbą całkowitej likwidacji organizacji odpowiadającej za ich dotychczasowe prowadzenie. Korzystając z zachowanych materiałów archiwalnych oraz skąpej literatury przedmiotu, autor odtwarza przebieg działalności poszczególnych jednostek – jezuickiej szkoły publicznej, bursy muzycznej, konwiktu szlacheckiego, studium nauczycielskiego dla kleryków jezuickich oraz rocznego kursu formacji zakonnej tzw. trzeciej probacji. Ze względu na rodzaj dostępnych materiałów źródłowych tekst skupia się głównie na prowadzonej przez jezuitów od 1618 roku szkole, zwracając uwagę m.in. na jej bazę materialną, liczebność uczniów, kadry nauczycielskie, na zmiany zachodzące w programach nauczania oraz powody ich wprowadzania, a także uzyskane efekty kształcenia. W dalszej części zostały przedstawione cele stawiane pozostałym placówkom, metody ich realizacji i zakres oddziaływania, oraz osoby odpowiedzialne za wypełnianie zadań w poszczególnych jednostkach. I chociaż edukacyjna działalność jezuitów w Orszy została ostatecznie i bezpowrotnie przerwana ich wypędzeniem w 1820 roku, a same instytucje nie przetrwały nawet dekady w rękach nowych administratorów, to pamięć o dawnych zakładach poświęconych nauczaniu i wychowaniu w sposób nieoczekiwany powróciła po wiekach do przestrzeni publicznej w postaci śladu zrekonstruowanego – wzniesionych z ruin i zaadaptowanych budynków.

The aim of the article, describing the functioning of Jesuit educational institutions, in the years 1773–1820, in Orsha, the poviat town located by the Dnieper, is to present the phenomenon of the survival and continuation of educational and pedagogical activities at the time of a serious institutional crisis. On the one hand, for the above-mentioned institutions, the crisis was connected with the collapse of the Polish statehood and its incorporation into the structure of a foreign state. On the other hand, it was related to the perturbations caused by a futile attempt to completely abolish the organisation responsible for its functioning until then. Taking advantage of preserved archival materials as well as of the scarce literature on the subject matter, the author reconstructs the subsequent forms of functioning of particular institutions – the Jesuit public school, music dormitory, landed gentry boarding school, teacher training college for Jesuit clerics and a year course for nunnery formation, the so-called third probationary period. Owing to the type of the available source material, the article concentrates mainly on the school ran by Jesuits since 1618, focusing among other things on its material basis, the number of students, the teaching staff, on the changes in the curricula as well as the reasons for these changes, and also on accomplished educational results. The further part of the article presents the objectives set for the remaining institutions, methods of their implementation and the scope of their functioning, as well as the people responsible for task fulfillment in particular institutions. The educational activity of Jesuits in Orsha was irreversibly terminated as a result of their expulsion in 1820 and the institutions themselves did not survive even a decade once their new administrators were in charge. However, after centuries, the memory of former institutions dedicated to education and upbringing unexpectedly returned to the public space in the form of the reconstructed trace – the adapted buildings which were erected from ruin.

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1 Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

1 Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana

1 Bieś A. P.

1 Gach P. P.

1 2016

1 2002

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Szkoły i drukarnie zakonne na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej w XVIII-XIX wieku

Jezuickie instytucje edukacyjne w Orszy 1773–1820