Civil and public service are one of the crucial elements of the system of public administration in every democratic country. Because of their importance, ongoing discussions on their modernization are conducted. Involving knowledge and experience of other states may be useful in bringing these discussions on new tracks and may prove beneficial in terms of national reforms. In case of civil and public service, such inspiration may be found, inter alia, in the French system in which these parts of the public administration are said not only to be important elements of the state but also of the whole society and are held in high regard.
PL
Służba publiczna i służba cywilna stanowią jedne z najważniejszych elementów systemu administracji publicznej w każdym demokratycznym państwie. Z powodu ich wagi ich modernizacja stanowi przedmiot niekończących się dyskusji. Uwzględnienie w nich wiedzy i doświadczeń innych krajów może wnieść do owych dyskusji nową jakość i wpłynąć korzystnie na przeprowadzane reformy. W przypadku służby publicznej i cywilnej inspirację można odnaleźć m.in. w systemie francuskim, w którym stanowią one nie tylko ważny element struktury państwa, ale też całego społeczeństwa, i cieszą się niezwykle dużym szacunkiem obywateli.
It is only in the new era of large electronic corpora that some low-frequency grammatical structures can be tested for their communicative as well as their systemic status. This is also the case of the complex predicate of the type ‘mít (to have) + abstract noun’ (e.g. mít zkušenost, to have experience) in the sense of ‘být zkušený’ (to be experienced) in contemporary Czech. The expression v sobě (in oneself), if attached to the predicative syntagma of the type ‘mít (to have) + abstract noun’ can make this complex predicate acceptable and grammatical.
Przedmiotem artykułu są wyrazy z pierwszego tomu Mostu Królowej Jadwigi Jerzego Sulimy-Kamińskiego (rzeczowniki, np. półmieszczuch, czasowniki, np. powiecować, przysłówki, jak glistowato i tłusto), oraz prawdopodobne zapożyczenie z języka niemieckiego myrble (nazwa owoców jarzęba mączystego), nieobecne w słownikach polszczyzny ogólnej. Niektóre z tych wyrazów można uznać za neologizmy artystyczne (np. chmurowisko, wniebobrać), inne obecne są w korpusach językowych i pojawiają się w Internecie, co uzasadnia postulat odnotowania ich w uzupełnianym na bieżąco Wielkim słowniku języka polskiego PAN.
EN
The subject of the article are words from the first volume of Most Królowej Jadwigi by Jerzy Sulima-Kamiński (nouns, e.g. półmieszczuch [‘half-townsperson’], verbs, e.g. powiecować [‘attend mass meetings’], adverbs, such as glistowato [‘like a worm’] and tłusto [‘like in oil’]), and a probable loan word from German merble (the name of fruit from mealy rowan), absent in general Polish dictionaries. Some of these words can be considered to be artistic neologisms (e.g. chmurowisko [‘a cloud of clouds’], wniebobrać [‘take to heaven’]), and others are present in language corpora and appear on the Internet, which justifies the postulate of recording them in PAS Great Dictionary of the Polish Language, which is continuously updated.
This paper discusses the use of corpora in contrastive linguistics and translation studies. It focuses on terminological issues (how they are referred to in different disciplines and linguistic traditions) as well as on their function in specific contrastive or translation research. It introduces an up-todate typology of multilingual corpora, including parallel, comparable and reciprocal corpora and summarizes the pros and cons of these corpora in corpus-based contrastive linguistics and corpusbased translation studies. One section of the paper also explains the differences of the use of the term corpus-based in different disciplines.
The present study deals with the phenomenon of extremely restricted collocability (monocollocability) in Czech and Italian. On the basis of a list of words with the highest degree of monocollocability extracted from corpora with the aid of the so called Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), we try to analyse this little-explored phenomenon in both languages. Monocollocable words (MW, often referred to as cranberry words) and the fixed combinations in which they occur are investigated in terms of syntactic and collocation structures, frequency and diacronic development. In the light of corpus evidence, the phenomenon of extremely restricted collocability appears more complex than originally believed. The paper shows that MW in both languages form a very heterogeneous category and that many differences between Czech and Italian monocollocable structures can be explained by typological (e.g. the degree of nominal inflection) or historical factors.
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