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EN
Preserved – Saved? On the Cultural Landscape and Manners of Its Shaping is a collection of texts – the result of two conferences organised in July 2000 and September 2002 by the Borussia Cultural Community society. The leitmotif of both meetings was the cultural landscape as well as the possibilities of its shaping and protection, while the point of departure was the rural landscape and the region of Warmia and Mazuria. The authors include persons professionally associated with the protection of historical monuments and preservation, as well as the owners of historical objects. The book is divided into three parts, the first being Historia – Dziedzictwo – Zmiany (History – Legacy – Changes), bringing the reader closer to the cultural legacy of Warmia and Mazuria, not merely the historical aspects but also from the present-day perspective. The second part, entitled Współczesność – Projekty – Realizacje (Contemporaneity – Projects – Realisations), contains texts about the discussed issues on a local level as well as a wider, supraregional one. Finally, the part on Siedziby – Losy – Ludzie (Residences – History – People) describes the personal experiences of various people who decided to tame the alien element and begin a new life under an “old roof”. The merits of the books include its handy size, hard cover, and lavish illustrations. The publication is enhanced by biogrammes of authors, presented at the end. The only flaw is the absence of topographic references. Although the major part of the publication deals with Warmia and Mazuria, it also contains texts about Lithuania or Sweden. The book is addressed to the lovers of Warmia and Mazuria, historians of art, conservators and laymen.
EN
Since the beginning of the socio-economic transformation in Poland we have witnessed a steady reduction of agricultural land. It has taken place mainly as a result of the process of taking out farmland from agricultural production to be used for investment purposes. The dominant direction of this process is to create housing areas. It concerns, to great extent, rural areas which are adjacent to big cities. As a consequence, rural areas located in agglomerations are gradually losing their character both in terms of their economic functions, the structure of residents, and the landscape. This contributes to such phenomena as excessive and irrevocable loss of agricultural land including areas of high quality soils, the development of dispersed housing, the loss of rural landscape as well as problems with establishing accurate surface used for agricultural purposes. The aim of the paper is to identify how agricultural land which remains after completion of the housing construction process within the agglomeration of Poznań is developed. Our investigation concentrated on the geodetic district of Bytkowo located in Rokietnica commune which borders with the city of Poznań from the north west. The analyses were conducted basing on data obtained from Land and Buildings Records of the Poviat Centre of Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation (the real-estate cadastre) in Poznań, Spatial Information System data and information and data collected as a result of direct inventories of the plots. Conducted research revealed that the predominant majority (85%) of agricultural areas which constitute part of built-up housing lots are used mainly as lawns and recreational terrains. Compiled inventory of the plots demonstrated that only on a few of them the farmland was, at least partially, used for vegetable cultivation. This means that in great majority this type of land is used in a way which is incompatible with the cadastral information – where these areas still function as farmland. The research confirmed almost complete disappearance of traditional elements of rural gardens such as orchards, herbal gardens or already mentioned vegetable gardens and, what follows, a loss of indigenous plants especially deciduous, flowering, and productive trees and bushes. These contemporary trends in shaping backyard space located in rural areas experiencing high urbanisation pressure are worrying. The gradual disappearance of tradition and symbolism of rural garden – its plant specificity, composition and function and, as a consequence, its rural landscape identity is evident. Particular worries are related to the lack of awareness of tradition or, even worse, a conscious attempt to break with this rural tradition as it is perceived negatively in the sense that it is identified with backwardness of the countryside. The tendency to copy urban standards is further reinforced by the wide availability of plants especially of foreign origin, building and construction materials as well as lack of time for cultivation practices. Varied and all-year-round supply of fruit, vegetables and herbs and their processed products contributes significantly to the vanishing of time-consuming backyard vegetable gardens and orchards.
PL
Artykuł porusza kwestię sposobu zagospodarowania użytków rolnych pozostałych na zabudowanych terenach mieszkaniowych aglomeracji poznańskiej. Poprzez identyfikację zabudowanych działek budowlanych, na których zgodnie z zapisami ewidencji gruntów i budynków, nadal znajdują się fragmenty użytków rolnych oraz inwentaryzację faktycznego sposobu ich użytkowania wykazano, że grunty te w zdecydowanej większości nie są użytkowane rolniczo, a wykorzystywane przede wszystkim jako tzw. tereny zielone, tj. głównie trawniki i tereny rekreacyjne, którym towarzyszą obce gatunkowo nasadzenia. Potwierdzono tym samym powszechnie obserwowany zanik występowania tradycyjnego ogrodu wiejskiego.
PL
W artykule podjęto się próby ukazania jak działania na poziomie planistycznym i gospodarki rolnej wpływają na wartości wypoczynkowe krajobrazu, wynikające z zachowania ptaków kurowatych. Cel ten zrealizowano na przykładzie trzech gatunków związanych z agrocenozami: kuropatwy, przepiórki i bażanta. W szczególności uwzględniono dostępność pokarmu i siedlisko ich życia. Dokonano analizy zmian i ich przyczyn w kontekście zarówno Polski, jak i Mazowsza. Wybrano te, które w sposób istotny wpływają na kształtowanie się obecnej struktury ilościowej omawianych gatunków ptaków, tj.: strukturę użytkowania terenów rolnych, chemizację, nawożenie i mechanizację. Do realizacji celu głównego i celów pośrednich, rozwiązywanych na poszczególnych etapach pracy, stosowano metody dedukcyjne używane w architekturze krajobrazu. Stawiano hipotezy, które weryfikowano poprzez analizę literatury w określonym aspekcie. Główną hipotezą do zbadania było określenie, czy postęp w gospodarce rolnej, uwzględniający wielofunkcyjne wykorzystanie krajobrazu, wspomagany metodami planistycznymi, może przyczynić się do rozwoju walorów wypoczynkowych krajobrazu wynikających z ochrony ptaków kurowatych. Potwierdzono, że działania na poziomie planistycznym nie odpowiadają na potrzeby związane z ich ochroną. Analiza związków i zależności między ludźmi, gatunkami zwierząt i ich środowiskiem wykazała, że mogą być one zarówno pozytywne, jak i negatywne w każdym z rozważanych przypadków. Porównanie okresu od lat 90. XX w. do roku 2017 potwierdziło postępującą intensyfikację rolnictwa. Zestawienie pokarmu roślinnego pozwoliło na wykazanie, że omawiane kuraki żywią się w sumie 247 roślinami. 17 z nich stanowi pokarm dla trzech gatunków, a 55 dla dwóch. Podział roślin na kategorie pozwolił na wykazanie, że największą bazę żerową dla kuropatwy i bażanta stanowią rośliny krajobrazowe (55%, 49,7%), użytkowe (50,5%, 57,4%) i ozdobne (39,3%, 42%). Dla przepiórki zaś chwasty (56,3%), rośliny użytkowe (41,8%) i zagrożone na Mazowszu (32%). Chwasty w przypadku kuropatwy i bażanta stanowiły 38,2% i 29,4%, a rośliny zagrożone ponad 14% wszystkich zjadanych roślin. Rośliny upraw rolniczych stanowiły 23,5% w przypadku kuropatwy, przepiórki 18,1%, a bażanta 14,4% ich bazy żerowej. W odpowiedzi na zaistniałe problemy autorzy zauważają potrzebę każdorazowego projektowania indywidualnych modeli krajobrazowo-przestrzennych dla poszczególnych gmin. Modele takie powinny w przypadku kuropatwy, w szczególności uwzględniać pasmowy układ podstref. Istotne jest także, by uwzględniały one miejsca schronień, gniazdowania i zdobywania pokarmu.
EN
The article attempts to show how activities at the planning and agricultural level affect the recreational values of the landscape caused by the behavior of Phasianidae birds. This goal was achieved on the example of three species connected with agrocenoses: partridges, quails and pheasants. In particular, food availability and the habitat of life were taken into account. The changes and their causes were analyzed in the context of both Poland and Mazovia. The selected ones that significantly influence the current quantitative structure of the discussed bird species, are: the structure of agricultural land use, chemization, fertilization and mechanization. The deductive methods used in landscape architecture were used to achieve the main goal and intermediate goals realized at individual stages of the work. Hypotheses, which were verified by analysing the literature in a specific aspect, were put forward. The main tested hypothesis was to determine, whether the progress in agriculture (taking into account the multifunctional use of the landscape) supported by planning methods, can contribute to the development of the recreational values of the landscape due to the protection of Phasianidae birds. It was confirmed that activities at the planning level do not meet the needs related to the protection of these species. The analysis of the connections and dependencies between humans, animal species and their environment, has shown that they can be both positive and negative in each case under consideration. The comparison of the period between 1990 and 2017 confirmed the progressive intensification of agriculture. Tabulated summary of plant food shows that the grouses eat 247 various kinds of plants (17 of which provide nourishment for three grouse species, and 55 for two). The division of plants into categories showed that the major feeding grounds for partridges and pheasants are landscape plants (55%, 49.7%), useful plants (50.5%, 57,4) and ornamental plants (39.3%, 42%). Nourishment for quails consists of weeds (56.3%), useful plants (41.8%) and endangered plant species of Mazovia (32%). In the case of partridges and pheasants, weeds constituted 38.2% and 29.4% of eaten plants and endangered plant species over 14%. Agricultural crops constituted 23.5% of feeding grounds among partridges, 18.1% among quails and 14.4% among pheasants. In response to the problems mentioned above, the authors recognize the need for designing individual landscape and spatial models for individual municipalities. In the case of partridges these models should take into account, in particular, the band arrangement of subzones. They should also provide shelters, nesting places and feeding grounds.
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