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Zespoły grobowe z krzemiennymi płoszczami w Małopolsce i na Wołyniu

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Bargieł B., Libera J.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

2005

vol. LVII

issue 57

3-27

Large bifacially-worked flint points also called projectiles (other names: spearpoints, daggers) constituted a regular element of the tool inventory of the communities inhabiting the territory of the Little Poland and Volhynia, especially in the Early Bronze Age. Despite their considerable number (over 350 items) almost 90% of the collection comprises stray finds that is ones which are deprived of the archaeological context. A third of the remaining group represents artefacts obtained from destroyed and impossible to reconstruct features, which were typically found by accidental discoverers. So far, 39 projectile points are known which were recorded in graves in the Little Poland and Volhynia, of which 13 come from destroyed burials or constitute the so called stray finds obtained from the surface of inhumation cemeteries (Table 1). An analysis of three most important cemeteries (Czerniczyn, site 3, Strzyżów and Torczyn) allows us to conclude that flint projectiles appear in the early phase of the Mierzanowice Culture. They occur in graves which are devoid of ceramics and in which the individuals exhibited various degrees of crouching. The mutual similarity between these points paved the way for distinguishing the points of the Czerniczyn-Torczyn type (Fig. 19) including both the lean and bulky forms with a triangular and leaf-shaped top. They had a short or long tang which could be either weakly or clearly distinguished (Fig. 1–5, 8B.D, 9, 10, 12, 13, 18). In the late phase of the Mierzanowice Culture, asymmetrical points occur which are made of local raw material and constitute transitional forms between the tanged projectile points of the Czerniczyn-Torczyn type and the tangless specimens (Fig. 6, 14). Quite different points are connected with the Strzyżów Culture, which have so far been known only from one cemetery in Raciborowice-Kolonia, site II, grave 23 and 24. They represent the sub-oval and pentagonal type (Fig. 6, 14). The problem of determining the specific usage of this type of bifacial tool by the societies of the Trzciniec and Lusatian Cultures is extremely difficult. Taking into account the knowledge of the bilaterally retouch technique it is impossible to exclude the possibility that the people of these cultures knew and were able to produce flint projectile points. Nonetheless, in the case of the artefacts under discussion, it is highly probable that both cultures adopted the points of the “older cultures”. The problem of the origins of the bifacial points produced in the Volhynian workshops is yet to thoroughly study. The lean and bulky triangular and leaf-shaped tanged projectile points which were produced there, as well as the analogical tools with weakly distinguished tangs called projectiles of the Czerniczyn-Torczyn type, should probably viewed as connected with the people of the so called Gródek-Zdołbica group of the Mierzanowice Culture at the territory of Volhynia. On the other hand, in the Little Poland, their presence should be associated with the phenomenon of ceramic-free crouched burials of this culture, which was established on the basis of uncalibrated radiocarbon dates obtained from the cemetery in Czerniczyn (1770 ± 30 BC and 1740 ± 30 BC) and similar features (devoid of projectile points) discovered in Szpikołosy Kolonia – 1790 ± 70 BC and in Świerszczów Kolonia, site 28 – 1870 ± 40 BC (Fig. 24). Generally, this phenomenon should be connected with the second quarter of the 18th century BC and synchronised with the early phase of the Mierzanowice Culture. Another horizon of the occurrence of projectile points at the territory under discussion can be determined by lean leaf-shaped tangless points having a bottom with a distinguished base. An item of this type comes from a destroyed grave from Beresteczko, and also from the Dniester and Horodenka rivers. The appearance of flint projectile points in the Western Ukraine was most probably due to the Gródek-Zdołbice people who produced them in the workshops situated beyond the upper sections of the Horyn and Styr rivers, from where they spread into the area of Polesie, Little Poland, Mazowsze, Podlasie and the Sieradz Land (Fig. 20–23). In the later period they were supplemented by tools based on local raw materials, that is, the Świeciechów, chocolate, and Jurassic flint (Fig. 25). The flint projectile points should undoubtedly be viewed as multifunctional tools which could be used at work, battle, as well as the attributes of power. At a later stage, probably from the second half of the classic phase of the Mierzanowice Culture, they began to be replaced by other multifunctional bifacial tools such as sickle-shaped knives having a similar function as points (stilettos, knives, daggers, sickles), which were frequently deposited at the cemeteries of this culture at the territory of Sandomierz Upland (Mierzanowice, Wojciechowice, Złota). Initially, both these forms could have co-existed. The reversal of the quantitative proportions took place towards the end of the classic phase of the Mierzanowice Culture. It should be noted that a series of both tools bare similar macro-traces of work in the form of gloss (almost lustrous) with a similar location with respect to their cutting-edges and the top.

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1 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

1 Bargieł B.

1 Libera J.

1 2005

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Zespoły grobowe z krzemiennymi płoszczami w Małopolsce i na Wołyniu