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Krzyże pokutne jako pomniki średniowiecznego prawa

100%

Kuczyński A.

Ochrona Zabytków

1972

issue 4

294-295

The penitential crosses that may still be encountered in Lower Silesia as the symbols of faith, worship, habits and uses of local population have their equivalents in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, England and France. From historical sources it follows that in the territory of Silesia from about 1301 until ca. 1500 and in some districts even as late as up to 1615 the assassins were forced by the court’s sentence to cover all ex penses connected with the victim’s funeral, furthermore, to supply the church with a definite quantity of wax, to order a funeral mass, in many instances — to undertake a pilgrimage to a place shown by church, to pay the living costs of the victim’s family including those of breeding of his progeny, to cover the costs of beer drunk during the legal suite and to erect a stone chapel or cross. On the settlement of the above duties an assassin was no more called to account, his crime committed into oblivion, the victim’s family resigned of revenge and at a stone cross an agreement was made with an assassin. Depending on local resources of raw materials the Lower Silesian penitential crosses were erected of granite, sandstone or native stones. On some of them were hammered the date, the surname and family name of a victim and even the tools of crime as, for instance, a bow, a sword, a spear or cross- bow. The above described crosses are forming quite an exceptional, also when considered on the all European scale, group of historical monuments in the territory of Lower Silesia.

Krzyże i kapliczki pokutne (pojednania), jako element średniowiecznej jurysdykcji karnej

63%

Warylewski J.

Studia Gdańskie

2016

issue 38

149-160

Artkuł prezentuje zagadnienia z zakresu historii prawa karnego i tzw. archeologii prawnej oraz przedstawia ich źródła oraz wpływ na kształtowanie się i rozwój kultury prawnej w wiekach średnich na ziemiach polskich. Zagadnieniem kluczowym jest ewolucja kary i pojawienie się systemu kompozycji, w ramach której dochodziło do zawarcia ugody między sprawcą zabójstwa i rodziną (krewnymi) zabitego. Elementem zawieranej ugody był nakładany na sprawcę zabójstwa obowiązek wystawienia kamiennego krzyża lub kapliczki. Te elementy: krzyże i kapliczki, miały charakter ekspiacyjny, dlatego też powszechnie używa się nazwy krzyże i kapliczki pokutne. Tych kamiennych świadków średniowiecznego wymiaru sprawiedliwości karnej jest w Polsce kilkaset.

The article presents issues related to the history of criminal law and the so-called legal archeology. In addition it shows their sources and their impact on the formation and development of legal culture in the Middle Ages on Polish land. The key issue is the evolution of the penalty and the emergence of the composition system (łac. compositio), in which there have to reach a settlement between the perpetrator of the murder and the victim’s family (relatives). Element of the agreement was imposed on the perpetrator of the murder of an obligation to build a stone cross or chapel. These elements - crosses and shrines - had an expiatory character. Therefore they are commonly known as penitential crosses and shrines. There is several hundred of these stone witnesses of the medieval criminal justice in Poland.

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1 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Studia Gdańskie

1 Kuczyński A.

1 Warylewski J.

1 2016

1 1972

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Krzyże pokutne jako pomniki średniowiecznego prawa

Krzyże i kapliczki pokutne (pojednania), jako element średniowiecznej jurysdykcji karnej