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EN
The continuous increase of the number of source material in the following centuries of the Polish Middle Ages is expressed by a major qualitative change in the 14th century, that created for genealogical research previously unattainable possibilities. New types of sources were created then. Among them, the most important role played books and registers of courts and institutions i.e., local tribunals for nobles (Acta terrestria et castrensia), bench court (Schoppenstuhl; municipal court), municipal council, consistory (diocesan court) and, finally, chapters. This article deals with books of the courts for nobility (terrestria et castrensia). This kind of records allow researchers to capture the entire course of life of people mentioned in them, due to their continuous appearance before the courts in both litigation and non–litigious procedures. Items from the Central Archives of Historical Records include medieval books from the historical Mazovia, Kujawy and lands of Łęczyca (lat. Terra Lanciciensis), Sieradz (lat. Terra Siradiensis) and Wielun (lat. Terra Wyelunensis). Due to the war damages, especially World War II no such accounts are to be found for the certain lands, i.e. Sandomierz (lat. Terra Sandomiriensis), Dobrzyn (lat. Terra Dobrinensis), Podlasie, and some other districts. This lack might be compensated to some extent by relevant information from the books of the neighboring lands. The oldest court records preserved at The Central Archives of Historical Records are registers of local tribunals for nobles of Łęczyca region with entries from 1385. The oldest registers of local tribunals for nobles of Sieradz land and Kujawy region include entries from the late 14th century too. The main obstacles in the use of court records from The Central Archives of Historical Records are wrong binding and cards in non–sequential order. These are results of some old, unsuccessful attempts to arrange these records. Thus, there is a chance of committing numerous primarily chronological errors. Therefore, actual sequential arrangement of cards in the extant books is a research necessity. Relevant publications are a way for preparing future print edition of the courts’ records. Author presents his personal experience from arranging the oldest records from Kujawy region and Łęczyca land. The article ends with an example of the use of records from neighboring lands to determine the lineage of the Słoński Family, coat of arms Doliwa. Their main residential property was located in Dobrzyn land (Sadłowo).
EN
Using court records of the village of Krowodrze, the article recreates the fate of an inhabitant of this village, Franciszka Kramarz. In 1763, she was accused, tried, and sentenced. Because she did not give her husband any offspring, he showed his displeasure by blaming her for this fact. Franciszka stole a two-week-old baby from Krakow's Holy Spirit Hospital, brought it home, and pretended to have given birth to it. A woman who used to take care of those during childbirth and the puerperium, carried the infant to the church, where it was baptised. The priest did not know that it had already been baptised at the hospital. When the caretakers at the hospital discovered what Franciszka Kramarz had done, they found her and demanded that she hand over the baby. At this point, everything came to light and the case was dealt with by the commune head and jurors. After examining the case, Franciszka Kramarz was sentenced to six months of cuchhaus, flogging, and a fine. She was also ordered to sell her farm in Krowodrze and probably move out of the village. The entries in the court book, parish books, and studies have made it possible to reconstruct a fragment of Franciszka's life and show the reasons for her behaviour.
PL
Artykuł, wykorzystując zapiski z ksiąg sądowych wsi Krowodrza, odtwarza losy mieszkanki tej wsi Franciszki Kramarzowej. W 1763 r. została ona oskarżona, osądzona i skazana. Ponieważ nie dała mężowi potomstwa, okazywał on jej niezadowolenie, winiąc ją za ten fakt. Kobieta ukradła dwutygodniowe dziecko z krakowskiego szpitala Św. Ducha, przyniosła je do domu i udawała, że je urodziła. Sprowadzona do niej kobieta zajmująca się niewiastami podczas porodu i połogu zaniosła niemowlę do kościoła, gdzie zostało ochrzczone. Nie wiedział, że ochrzczono je już w szpitalu. Kiedy opiekunki w szpitalu odkryły to, co zrobiła Kramarzowa, odnalazły ją i zażądały oddania dziecka. W tym momencie wszystko się wydało i sprawą zajął się urząd wójtowsko-ławniczy. Po rozpatrzeniu sprawy Franciszka Kramarzowa została skazana na pół roku cuchhausu, chłostę, grzywnę. Miała również sprzedać swoje gospodarstwo w Krowodrzy i zapewne wynieść się ze wsi. Zapisy w księdze, wpisy w księgach parafialnych oraz opracowania pozwoliły na odtworzenie fragmentu życia Franciszki i ukazanie przyczyn jej postępowania.
EN
The author shows – on the basis of two records from old judicial books – the medieval jurisdiction against the background of the socioeconomic system of the day. As far as the regime of those times was concerned, some of the social groups came to be dependent on the Polish law and others were subjected to the laws of Western Europe. It demonstrates that in the medieval times Poland was situated between different legal cultures.Unfortunately, the laconic character of the studied records does not allow establishing the real value of the objects which the conflict concerned.
PL
Autor na podstawie dwóch wpisów z dawnych ksiąg sądowych pokazuje średniowieczny wymiar sprawiedliwości na tle ówczesnego ustroju, w którym niektóre grupy społeczne sądzone były wedle prawa polskiego, a inne z kolei – wedle praw zachodniej Europy. Pokazuje to, że Polska w średniowieczu leżała na pograniczu różnych kultur prawnych. Lakoniczność wpisów nie pozwala niestety ustalić rzeczywistych wartości przedmiotów sporu.
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