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1

Kształcenie konserwatorów na Wydziale Architektury Politechniki Warszawskiej

100%

Zachwatowicz J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1971

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issue 2

123-125

EN

In curricula of studies at the Faculty of Architecture, Technical University, Warsaw from its beginings datin back to 1915 up to the present day has been included as subject the conservation of monuments with a total of ab,out 30 hours of lectures in the course of the fourth year. These lectures have as their general purpose to make the fu tu re architect fam'iliar with problems of conservation of monuments and also with those connected with their adaptation to requirements of modern life. A specialized training in this field is being conducted within the Faculty in form of post-graduaUon courses of conservation which have been made accessible not ,only for architects but also for those representing other disciplines and through their everyday professional work linked with problems of monument protection. ,The curriculum of this two-year course covers the following lines: theory of conservation of monuments, h'istory of building a rt in Poland, methodology of investigations, survey and photographic records, technical problems involved in conservation of monuments, the scope of restorers work, revaluation of historical centres of towns, landscape protection, legal and organizational problems. The above courses have been started in 1970 and it is likely that their curriculum will be subjected to some modifications as a result of experiences gathered.

2

Międzynarodowe kształcenie specjalistów w zakresie konserwacji

100%

Angle I. C.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1971

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issue 2

89-95

EN

In his article the author deals with problem of in te rnational training of specialists in th e field of conservation making a particular stress on activities of the International Centre of Studies for preservation and conservation of Cultural Property having its residence in Rome. A note has been given within introductory part of article stating th a t conservation of every kind is abpve the all a critical treatment and both historic and artistic criticism are as universal as universal is the importance of a work of a rt as a document of culture and history. The modern education of a conservator, in addition to work aimed at developing his critical conscience, forces him to acquire a wide range of knowledge and to master a number of ever more complicated methods. It follows from the above that requ'rements put forward nowadays to conservators may be fulfilled by education in te rnational as to its character which the fact by no means reduces the importance of knowledge of local artistic traditions in particular cpuntries. Thus, in a deepened education of a conservator may be distinguished the following three stages: (a) acquisition of knowledge of conservation problems and critical adoption of conservation methodology existing in a given country, representing a ’’national” factor, (b) international training based on a comparison of various foreign doctrines and methodologies and the exchange of views with representatives of other milieux, representing a factor of ’’the universal conservator conscience”, (c) dialectical synthesis of national education with experiences gained from inte rnational training or, in other words, the adaptation of the la tte r to actual situation existing in the conservator’s country. The 1‘mitations of international training being re se rved for candidates selected by national or regional institutions give it character ,of staff preparation for further education under conditions characteristic of their native country. The firs t achievements ûn in te rnational training of conservators are t,o be owed to the initiative undertaken by UNESCO and leading in its final result to creatipn of the International Centre in Rome and also of regional centres. In his furthe r considerations the author gives general characteristics of activities ca rried by the Centre in Rome which are based on co-operation with Italian in s t itu o n s as, for example, Istituto Centrale del Restauro or Istituto di Patologia del Libro. In addition, a detailed account has been given by him on the Centre’s activities in the three main lines, i.e. conservation of monuments and sites, conservation of mural paintings and other forms of training. The curricula and the course of studies and practices in particular lines are dealt with by the author, who, discussing the training in the range of conservation of monuments and sites has laid special accent upon importance of links existing between individual objects and urban complexes or environments, and while considering the training in the range of conservation of mural paintings stressed the importance of preserving the object in those particular conditions for which it was once designed, thus making its transfer tolerable only in a case of an extreme need. No less important seems to be to the authpr the co-operation of specialists representing different ranges in view of an inter-disciplinary nature of the modern a rt of conservation. Comparing the attempts made in battle fought to save the cultural heritage to th a t against the contamination of natura l environment the authpr expresses opinion th a t this struggle, if to be fought in te rnationally, requires the international training of specialists which in turn needs to deepen their training at national level. Finally, the need and importance of actually gr,owing regional centres has been pointed out by the author who advances a view th a t the worldwide importance of the International Centre in Rome will enable it to contribute considerably to education of the future teachers for national centres.

3

Kształcenie konserwatorów zabytków w Instytucie Zabytkoznawstwa i Konserwatorstwa Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu

100%

Domasłowski W.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1971

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issue 2

106-114

EN

The Institute of Conservation and Connoisseurship existing within the Faculty of Fine Arts at the Copernicus University, Toruń hais as its task the teaching of specialists in the field of conservation i(theory), museology, conservation and restoration of paintings and polychromed sculptures, of conservation and restoration of paper and leather and, finally, of conservation and restoration of architectural details, at the same time conducting research work in the respective didactic lines. The educational processes at the Institute are specific as to their nature which the fact can be attributed to interconnection of the human, naltural and a rtistic branches within the same University. It was "this interconnection in fact th a t had essentially influenced the scope of conservator education within which both theoretical and p r a c tc a l studies could be firmly interlocked. A quite special type of conservation school was created where the problems of knowledge relating to monuments, th e ir protection and p re se rvation together with those forming scientific basis of conservation are inseparately linked with the conservation practice, with restoration, conservation and investigations on monuments in the broader sense of expression. The Institute consists of six didactic and research divisions, namely, th a t of Technology and Artistic Techniques, Mobile Monument Conservation, Paper and Leather Conservation, Architectural Detail Conservation, Conservation Art, and Museology and History of Art, employing 3'9 workers under contracts and the other eleven giving the lectures on the non-constant employment basis. However, the above figures do not comprise the members of teaching staff involved in non-specialised subjects as e.g. philosophy, foreign languages and s.o. The teaching and scientific staff is composed of a rt historians, conservators specializing in the theory ,of conservation, m u seologists, the artists practically active in the field of conservation, conservators 'specializing in technological problems, the chemists, physists, microbiologists, architects, painters, engravers, photographers and book binders. . The complete courses of studies at the Institute, ir re spectively of specialization chosen by a student are lasting for a fdve-year period. After presenting a diploma work and passing through the series of p re scribed examinations the graduates take a degree of master of conservation and connoisseurship within the specific branch. No more than twenty five to th irty candidates are admitted to the In stitu te to s ta rt the studies and the number of those graduated up to- the present day amounts to 242. Graduates with practical specializations (e.g. conservation of paintings, paper or architectural details) in addition to their 'skills enabling them to undertake the conservation and restoration of monuments are adequately trained to be able to evaluate the works of art, to prepare a historical, iconographie or inventory documentation, to investigate the state ,of p re servation or find the cause of damages suffered by objects. The level of their professional training is by no means less adequate in technological and technical (investigations, ’in works requiring knowledge to prepa re a proper documentation (in form of d ra wings, paintings, photographs, as well as th a t using X-ray or other raying methods of analysis) and to conduct the research work and introduce modifications in materials applied )n conservation. Graduates havlinig theoretical specializations (art of conservation and museology) leave the In stitu te with a supply of basic knowledge allowing to meet the needs arising in conservation work and within a normal museum practice (connoisseurship) with a special stress put on morphological analysis, evaluation and a ttributing the monuments pf a rt being a subject of the conservator’s and museologist’s interest. During the course of their studies they are also trained in history, theory and th e basic practical problems ■involved-in a conservator’s or museologist’s activities and acquire a number of practical professional skills (e.g. preparing of inventories and survey-and-drawing documentation, photography, preparing of museum shows and exhibitions etc.). In addition to their educational activities the Institute workers carry out a number of research works the results of which are published in a specialized periodical „Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, seria Zabytkoznawstwo i Konserwatorstwp” (The Scientific Papers of the Nicolaus iCopernicus University, Toruń, series: Connoisseurshiip and Conservation) or in other Polish and foreign specialized periodicals. A special mention should be devpted to works r e lating to conservation of monuments from wood, stone, brick, glass and paintings, those dealing with technical and technological investigations on mortars and plasters, research work aimed at finding the method to identify the p ain ter’s putties and pigments, works connected with identification of micro-organisms and th e ir destruction, those dealing with the conservation of iron; no less interesting are the research works in the field of both history and theory of monument protection and conservation, organisation ,of conservation service, collectioning and museum activities, those connected with problems of a rt history and history of aesthetic judgements, history of architecture (mediaeval and modern), town- planning including problems of conservation, history of building techniques, and works relating to the late-mediaeval sculpture and painting with special stress laid upon the problems of iconography and also those concerning the painting of the 10th and the 20th centuries. As may be seen fr,om the above list of research themes there are possibilities at the Institute to develop a rath e r many-sided range of problems and the widely varying research lines. This is possible owing to interconnection of human and n atura l sciences. As a result of the said interconnection the work of a rt being the main subject of all research work involved can be analysed many-sidedly both as to its form and subject and also with respect to its material substance with a particular stress on factors causing the damages to this substance, its protection, preservation, fixing or reinforcing. In tight connection with the above problems can also be analysed those of protection of monuments and th e ’r display in museums. Thus, it may be said that works carried on at the Institute represent a new kind of interdisciplinary branch of knowledge which enables to investigate universally the work of a rt and to subject it to conservating treatment.

4

O potrzebie rozbudowy studiów konserwacji zabytków ruchomych

88%

Krzyżanowski L.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1971

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issue 2

101-105

EN

The author has subjected to a detailed analysis the entitled persons being members of Conservation Sedemand for conservators of mobile monuments in ctipn within the Union of Polish Artists and those museums and in the State Enterprise for Conserv- granted with an offkral permission in exception to ation of Art (PKZ). According to regulations in general rules but at the same time accepted by the force in this country to do the conservator’s job are Conservation Section. The membership of this Section at present amounts to 296, however, according to data gathered by the author some of them are not permanently working in this line, as e.g. a certain number of retired a r tists, those disabled by illness or women burdened with their household duties. In addition to about one hundred conservators working under contract in the S tate Enterprise for Conservation of Art (PKZ) and some forty others in museums as much as about hundred artists are working as free lancing ones. It is the au th o r’s opinion th a t the lasting demand for conservator’s services will prevent these free lancing conservators from coming to work under contract in the state-owned ateliers and conservation departments. A considerable growth planned in the State Enterprise for Conservât’on of Art (PKZ) for the next years, the need to have the newly employed staff in existing ateliers and also the growth of conservation departments in museums will necessitate by 1975 employing some 160 conservators. At the a rtistic schools with studies of the conservation art included in their curricula s,ome 24 persons are graduated each year, among them a certain number of students from abroad who then are leaving for their native countries. The author advances a proposal that the artistic schools increase the admission rate for those willing to study the a rt of conservation. This, however, is connected with serious troubles, as, for example, the Copernicus University, Toruń has no more free p la ces available for students in laboratories and exercise rooms. Such possibilities exist, however, at the High Schools of Arts in Cracow and in Warsaw. No less important seems tp be the question of extending the range in some fields of specialization (e.g. the conservation of paper) and also th a t of in tro ducing of some new as, for instance, the conservation of metals, fabrics, ethnographic pieces, glass and s.o. The introduction of specialization in the field of conservation of the stone sculpture which has r e cently been included in curricula gives every reason to hope that about 1975 the situation in this respect will Improve to some extent. T h e fact alone shows, however, that it requires a long time to see results of decisions adopted. Thus, the author proposes to ventilate in detail the whole problem, to draw serious conclusions and to take a number of long-range decisions if the tasks coming with the next years are to be fulfilled properly. The recent decision concerning the reconstruction of totally demolished Royal Castle in Warsaw will cause the need to* organize in the next 2—3 years a large atelier where the preserved elements of its fittings will undergo conservation treatments and in turn to sta rt the necessary reconstructional works in some of its interiors. This task, no doubt, will considerably increase the demand for a trained staff.

5

Długoterminowy plan ICCROM-u

75%

Tomaszewski A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1990

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issue 4

213-217

EN

The author presents ICCROM's plans of operation for the coming years. They include documentation (collecting it, research and circulation), scientific studies, assistance to member states, training in the field of conservation.

6

Problem kształcenia w dziedzinie konserwacji malarstwa

63%

Dobrowolski T.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1948

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issue 2

52-56, 93

FR

L’expérience des dernières années démontre que la préparation des conservateurs de pęinturę doit se faire sous forme d’études spécifiques. En Pologne, ces études ont été commencées dans deux grandes écoles: l’Académie des Beaux Arts de Varsovie et l’École Supérieure des Arts Plastiques de Cracovie. L’auteur est d’avis qu’il faut insister tout particulièrement sur les exercices pratiques faits à l’école; que ces exercices doivent être complétés par des cours de chimie générale, de chimie de peinture et de technologie, ainsi que de physique de la température. Il exprime enfin le désir de voir se fonder des laboratoires scolaires d’expérimentation

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6 Ochrona Zabytków

1 Angle I. C.

1 Dobrowolski T.

1 Domasłowski W.

1 Krzyżanowski L.

1 Tomaszewski A.

1 Zachwatowicz J.

1 1990

4 1971

1 1948

Kształcenie konserwatorów na Wydziale Architektury Politechniki Warszawskiej

Międzynarodowe kształcenie specjalistów w zakresie konserwacji

Kształcenie konserwatorów zabytków w Instytucie Zabytkoznawstwa i Konserwatorstwa Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu

O potrzebie rozbudowy studiów konserwacji zabytków ruchomych

Długoterminowy plan ICCROM-u

Problem kształcenia w dziedzinie konserwacji malarstwa