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EN
The paper discusses life of Tibor Bohdanovský – probably the most famous native of town of Bohdanovce in Košice – okolie district. On the other hand, among Bohdanovce’s inhabitants, he is almost unknown person. Tibor Bohdanovský (Tibor Schwarz) was born the son of Jewish innkeeper. Later he found himself in anti-Semitic regime and suffered of fascist oppression on territory of the then Hungarian kingdom during the second world war. After being captured by Soviet army, he joined Communist party of Czechoslovakia. In the post-war period he became active member of communist movement which came to power in 1948 and later he participated also in undemocratic policy of the regime, including persecution of kulaks – prosperous peasants. His identity is also very interesting part of the politician’s personality, since probably he denied his roots in order to secure his career. Since Tibor Bohdanovský was important part of totalitarian political environment during communist era in Czechoslovakia, his political career is definitely to be revealed and published.
EN
The topic of the Holodomor in Ukraine and the following deportation of Ukrainian kulaks was taken up by many authors from around the world, such as Michał Klimecki, Stanisław Kulczycki, Nikolai Ivnitski, Еlena Chernolutskaya (Елена Чернолуцкая), Anna Reid, Timothy D. Snyder or Pavel Polyan. Forced relocations from Ukraine were aimed at eliminating possible enemies of the communist system. The mass deportations should be seen to take roots in the resolution of 27 December 1929, the Stalinist authorities, and specifically the All-Union Conference of Marxist Farmers who spoke on accelerating the collectivization of the village. Importantly, a resolution was adopted to start the campaign to liquidate the kulak farmers as a class.
EN
One of the most important part of Leninist policy in the 1920s and the early 1930s was collectivization of agriculture whose aim was the creation of so-called collective farms. Kolkhozes were created as a result of a forced takeover of land from farmers called “kulaki”. The establishment of collective farms in Ukraine faced the greatest resistance of the civilian population, especially the Polish population whose numerous clusters existed in the Podole region. Evidence of the authorities ruthlessness in implementing the collectivization plan was a decree from August 7 1932 about the death penalty and prison – “for stealing and wasting socialist property”. This document was called “law of five ears”. In order to break the resistance against enfranchisement of the population, the authorities intentionally evoked “great hunger” which caused the deaths of six million people.
PL
Jedną z najważniejszych części „leninowskiej polityki” w latach 20. i na początku lat 30. XX w. była kolektywizacja rolnictwa, przewidująca tworzenie tzw. kolektywnych gospodarstw. Kołchozy powstawały w wyniku przymusowego przejęcia ziemi od indywidualnych rolników nazywanych „kułakami”. Zakładanie kołchozów na Ukrainie napotykało na największy opór miejscowej ludności, szczególnie ludności polskiej, której liczne skupiska istniały m.in. w obwodzie kamieniecko-podolskim. Dowodem bezwzględności władz bolszewickich w realizowaniu planu kolektywizacji był dekret z 7 VIII 1932 r. o karze śmierci i więzienia „za wszelką kradzież lub roztrwonienie socjalistycznej własności”, nazwany przez ludność wiejską „prawem pięciu kłosów”. W celu przełamania czynnego i biernego oporu przeciwko uwłaszczeniu ludności wiejskiej władze celowo, w sposób wymuszony, wywołały „wielki głód”, który spowodował śmierć 5–6 mln ludzi.
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