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Grób kloszowy z Sinołęki, pow. miński

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Drzewicz A.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2011
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vol. LXII
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issue 62
232-236
EN
In August 2008 the staff of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (subsequently, PMA) received a report on the discovery, at the village of Kolonia Sinołęka, distr. Węgrów, of a cremation grave, unearthed and partly destroyed during illegal gravel extraction. The grave lay on the site of a cemetery of Pomeranian Culture and Cloche Grave Culture, inspected in 1929 by J. Antoniewiczowa in response to a report on two ploughed up burials: a cloche grave within a stone setting, and a stone cist grave containing two urns. One of these held a unique cross-shaped fibula, type Sinołęka, dated to Hallstatt D. The site, published as Sinołęka, site 1, occupies the summit and the south-western slope of a sandy elevation, with the small stream Gawroniec at its foot, between the villages of Sinołęka, distr. Mińsk Mazowiecki, and Kolonia Sinołęka, distr. Węgrów. During an investigation made by the PMA staff, the remains of the grave were excavated from the side of the gravel extraction pit worked on the site of the cemetery. The grave rested at the depth of c. 60 cm below the present-day ground surface, within a fine gravel deposit containing natural intrusions of clay. It contained a cinerary urn filled with cremated bones and a bowl placed over them in an upright position. The whole was covered with a large inverted clay vessel (cloche). Interspersed with the bones were the remains of damaged bronze and iron objects. No traces of the grave pit were identified. Osteological analysis identified the urned remains as an adultus/maturus (?) male and an adultus (20–30 years’ old) female whose bones bore traces of anaemia. Apparently, next to the set of vessels ‘traditional’ for Cloche Grave Culture (cloche, urn, bowl), the burial had not been provided with accessory vessels. In a departure from the most typical placement of the bowl lid – in an inverted position – the bowl had been placed upright inside the vessel. This feature of the burial rite, while rare, has been recorded in ‘cloche’ cemeteries in Mazowsze. The vessels discovered in the grave are quite typical for the Cloche Grave Culture both in their form and technology of execution.
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Osada kultury grobów kloszowych na stan. 10 w Warszawie–Zerzniu

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Andrzejowska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2001
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vol. LV
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issue 55
179-195
EN
The site at Warszawa–Zerzeń lies on a small dune elevation of the upper floodplain terrace of the Vistula River valley on the right bank of the river, in the area of Wiązana and Zwoleńska Streets (Fig. 1). The settlement was discovered in 1976 during fieldwalking survey. In 1983 the Warsaw Unit of The State Ateliers for Conservation of Cultural Property excavated 600 m˛ of the site. Work was continued on a much lesser scale in 1984 (42.5 m2) by the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, where all the material recovered during the investigation is now being stored. Excavations were carried out in the accessible S and SW section of the dune (Fig. 2a). 10–20 cm thick cultural layer was revealed as well as 23 features found under the humus (Fig. 2b). Fifteen were interpreted as archaeological features: pits (4, 7, 8, 11, 16, 17, 19, 21), concentrations (3, 9, 10, 22, 23) and a possible burial feature (20). Nearly 3000 potsherds were recovered from the features and the culture layer (features – ca. 2000, cultural layer – 350, arable – ca. 650 fragments) together with seven entire spindlewhorls and a fragment of another, several stone tools (smoothers, grindstones) and 16 flints. Most of the pits were irregular in outline, usually roughly oval and ranged in area between 0.6 and ca. 2.6 m2. In section they were also irregular, with blurred outline. The pit-fill, up to 65 cm deep, included potsherds, occasionally also daub and stones. There were two concentrations of potsherds belonging to a single vessel (features 10, 23) another, of potsherds and stone tools (feature 22), yet another, of daub and stones (feature 3). None of the features discovered could be interpreted as dwelling structures using appropriate criteria (J. Michalski 1983); at least one (feature3) may have formed a part of a dwelling structure but its construction cannot be identified at present. Likewise, no remains of hearths or production features were distinguished. Most of the pits were apparently used for storage. This is suggested by remains of large vessels found in the lower sections of features 8 and 14 (Fig. 9l,r, 10m,n). Feature 20, interpreted as a grave, contained in its uppermost layer pottery fragments, which may have belonged to the inventory of a cloche grave. Lower down pit fill yielded small fragments of burnt bone. Given the lack of comparative material the significance of a possible burial deposit made within an inhabited area cannot be fully understood. Pottery from the settlement was classified using typology designed by T. Węgrzynowicz (1988, 3 f.). The majority of potsherds originated from vessels with a roughened surface. Ovoid and barrel-like pots with notched rims were best represented (Fig. 5, 9, 10, 18, 19). Only a slight proportion was formed by vessels known from cemeteries: forms with asmoothed well-defined neck and a roughened body (Fig. 5b,d, 9p, 10h, 15a,c,d, 19h), cups and jugs (Fig. 17c, 19p). Numerous fragments of bowls represent acommon category of vessels – smoothed, unprofiled or having an indistinct curve beneath the rim (Fig. 4a, 5i, 9a,g,i, 15b, 19o). Other ceramic forms included fragments of circular discs-plates (Fig. 4b,e, 9e,f,j), thin walled miniature vessels (Fig. 4f, 19f,i,m) and a fragment of a miniature lid (Fig. 4c). Potsherds decorated with an ornament of stamps or fingernail impressions represented only a small percentage. Grooves made with a tool having several tines (comb?) were noted on the surface of a number of potsherds. Plastic ornament was represented only exceptionally by cordons and knobs seen at the neck-body junction. Macroscopic analysis of technology and comparative qualitative analysis of the distinguished vessel categories suggest that the settlement may have been inhabited by the same community which was using the nearby cemetery (site 4) dated to the early La Tène Period (M. Andrzejowska, T.Węgrzynowicz 1995).
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Groby kloszowe z cmentarzyska w Stodzewie, gm. Parysów, stan. 3

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Andrzejowska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2003
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vol. LVI
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issue 56
131-143
EN
The site at Stodzew, comm. Parysów, woj. mazowieckie, lies at a distance of about 300 m NE from farm buildings, at a distance of some 500 m from the present-day channel of the Świder river on the highest elevation in the area (141.6 m above the sea level), in the moraine range of Siedlce Heights (Wysoczyzna Siedlecka) (Fig. 1). As in the past, the dune is at present mined for sand and gravel. The site at Stodzew came on record for the first time in the 1940s, the time when the large cloche grave cemetery was being excavated at the village of Transbór in the neighbourhood (A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 296, fig. 35). Research at Stodzew was ultimately spurred by recently incoming reports on random new discoveries of cloche graves made during sand and gravel extraction. Fieldwork carried out at Stodzew in 1997 covered an area of ca 190 m2 of the top of the moraine elevation (Fig. 2). In addition, some 40 m2 disused mine workings indicated as the place where a number of graves had been buried were excavated (with negative results). Trenches cut in the W section of the study area produced, under a layer of humus and subsoil, which contained pottery fragments and numerous stones, the remains of a culture layer and features of a Przeworsk culture settlement. The cloche graves were discovered lower down, at the depth of more than a meter below the ground level, under a layer of yellow sand. The present article is concerned with Cloche Grave culture material recovered during a rescue excavations (features A – grave goods preserved in fine condition and B – heavily damaged) and during stationary fieldwork (partly damaged grave 1 and undisturbed graves 2 and 3). Features discovered in situ at Stodzew were classically “cloche grave” in form. Each held an urn covered by an upturned bowl. From the point of view of its construction grave 2 was exceptional, covered with two closely fitting cloches. The urn it contained (a large mug with a broken off handle) was accompanied by a small jug with a handle set below the rim. In grave 3, the bottom of the cloche was additionally covered with a large potsherd. The urn (a small jug with a broken off handle) stood on a ceramic support, a sherd from the same pot as the one used to cover the cloche. Urns from graves A, B, 1 and 2 held the remains of women aged 20–35 years, in grave marked as feature A, deposited together with the cremated bones of an infant. The remains of another child, presumably a baby, were buried inside grave 3, of unusually small dimensions 3. Grave 1 was deposited in a pit filled with ashes, graves 2 and 3 in pits dug in clean sand, their lower section only with difficulty distinguishable from their surroundings. In the upper section of the pit of grave 2 there was a concentration of burnt animal bone and potsherds. Species composition of the remains from grave 2a closely corresponds (except for the horse, not noted at Stodzew, and birds, rarely noted at other Cloche Grave culture sites) to animal species deposited in human graves (T. Węgrzynowicz 1982, p. 221, fig. 44). The most noteworthy items discovered among the grave furnishings were bone pendants. Two such specimens, fashioned from dog’s teeth roots (Fig. 4g.h), found inside the urn in grave 3, occurred together with the remains of earrings ornamented with beads made of blue-coloured glass with a yellow-white wavy line (Fig. 4i.j). An openwork comb-pendant (Fig. 4d, 5) was discovered in the urn in grave A among burnt human bones next to an iron hoop and the upper section of the arms of bronze tweezers. Any of the archaeological finds recovered at Stodzew may serve as a base for precise dating of the grave assemblages. However, a number of less reliable pieces of evidence let us to determine the general chronology of this cemetery. It was noted that most of the vessels in grave 2 and 3 are fine-walled, smoothed specimens with a developed form, richly ornamented. Together with the accompanying cloches they resemble in their features forms associated with the earliest interval in the relative chronology defined for Cloche Grave culture material in Mazowsze and Podlasie, which is placed in Ha D (M. Andrzejowska 1995, p. 132–135). Furthermore, grave 3 produced fragments of ornaments containing ia beads of blue-coloured glass with a wavy white or yellow-white inclusion. Similar specimens have been recorded in the area of interest in Lusatian culture assemblages dated to Ha D (T. Węgrzynowicz 1968, p. 509). Analogous dating is adopted for this ornament form with regard to the evidence from Pomeranian culture (cf M. Matthaus, Ch. Braun 1983, p. 56–58, maps 1, 2). Consequently, it may be concluded that at least some of the features at the cemetery at Stodzew originate from Hallstatt period D, the earliest period of the development of the Cloche Grave culture in Mazowsze.
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Groby kloszowe na warszawskiej Sadybie

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Andrzejowska M., Stanaszek Ł. M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2006
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vol. LVIII
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issue 58
378-384
EN
Construction works carried out in September 2005 in the garden of a private villa in Morszyńska Street (Fig. 1), in Sadyba quarter in Czerniaków (in Warsaw’s southern district Mokotów), led to the uncovering of two cloche graves set close together. Both cloche vessels occurred at the depth of ca 120 cm from the present--day ground level, within clean yellow sand (Fig. 2). Both of them rested on a ‘stand’, ie a layer of several dozen heavily burnt sherds from different vessels (Figs. 3f.g, 4, 5), arranged tightly in a rectangle. The two burials were probably contemporaneous and may be viewed as a single deposit consisting of two graves. Under the cloches (Fig. 3a.d) were found urns with burnt human bone. The complete urn found in grave ‘A’ – with a broad body and smoothed neck (Fig. 3a) – was covered by a hemispherical bowl with a polished body (Fig. 3b), set upright over the mouth of the urn. The urn from grave ‘B’ – with a broad body and roughened surface and smoothed neck (Fig. 3e) – broke during construction and was dumped outside the grave. The rectangular ‘stand’ included fragments of a vase-like vessel with a tall neck (Fig. 3f), ornamented bowl with a short neck (Fig. 3g) and two large broad-bodied vessels with well-defined necks emphasised by notched cordons (Figs. 4, 5). The pottery from Morszyńska St. is typical for Cloche Grave Culture ceramic forms known from the region of Mazowsze (cf T. Węgrzynowicz 1988, p. 8–10, fig. 5); in ornamentation and technology it is also consistent in general with vessels known from Cloche Grave Culture sites recorded in the area. The only non-typical feature is the ornamentation of sherds from the bowl which were used to make the rectangular ‘stand’, and the notching of the lip of the bowl from grave ‘A’. Also worth noting is careful preparation of the mixture of clay and large amount of crushed rock temper used to roughen (by daubing) the cloches and urns. The urn from grave ‘A’ contained the remains of an adultus woman, slender and tall (approximately 160–164 cm), in good physical condition. Grave ‘B’ produced the remains of a mature woman (?). Degenerative changes observed on spinal bones of this individual suggest hard living and heavy labour. Bones collected in the area around the two graves included a fragment of a young roe deer tibia diaphysis.
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Cmentarzysko kultury grobów kloszowych w Wieliszewie, pow. legionowski

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Węgrzynowicz T.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2006
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vol. LVIII
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issue 58
215-264
EN
The cemetery of Cloche Grave Culture at Wieliszew, comm. loco, was discovered in 1985 and excavated, starting the following year, over four seasons, probably in its entirety (Fig. 2). Situated in an area of dune sands it suffered substantially from production activity of a fruit-and-vegetable processing plant, then owner of the area (Fig. 3). In the course of investigation ‘features’ were identified – when the level of preservation made it possible to define at least approximately their nature and function – and ‘clusters’, presumably the remains of destroyed features – when encountering groups of pottery fragments and/or cremated bones. A total of 47 features were explored: 46 graves belonging to the discussed gravefield, a pit from the Medieval Period and four ‘clusters’. A human skeleton burial discovered outside the burial ground is presumably of modern date (Fig. 20). The cemetery at Wieliszew belongs to the category of so-called ‘pure’ funerary complexes, ie, ones which do not feature grave forms and finds typical for Pomeranian Culture, which started to be recorded in Mazowsze during approximately the same period as Cloche Grave Culture (at the end of Early Iron Age) and left its imprint on the ideology and economy of the local population. Three categories of grave deposits were identified as follows: cloche graves (22), urned cremation graves (7), unurned cremation graves (2). The remaining graves were too deteriorated to identify their form. The graves were mostly set within pure sand, without traces of the cremation pyre. Anthropological analysis of bone remains was not made as the degree of destruction and mixing would have made the result unreliable. Cloche graves consisted basically of three vessels: an urn covered with a bowl, the two covered with a much larger vessel – a cloche; occasionally there was also a fourth vessel, a bowl standing under the urn or, as in feature 17, a miniature jug. The cloches was always inverted, the bowl placed either bottom down or up. The graves had no stone or ceramic settings, a feature occasionally encountered in other cemeteries in Mazowsze. In addition to bone remains ten burials produced small objects which mixed with the bone fragments – metal, glass, bone and antler items – all damaged to a greater or lesser extent by fire (Figs. 18d, 29d, 35a, 36a–c); as such these objects may be interpreted as dress accessories of the buried individual. Urned graves consisted of a cinerary urn containing bone fragments and covered with a bowl, all except one inverted; only a single urn was covered by a base of another vessel. The graves contained no other grave goods. Pit graves consisted of bone remains placed within a pit in a compact arrangement suggesting that originally they were wrapped tightly in fabric or hide. There were no grave goods. Presumably the pit grave category included two other features which, unfortunately, were recorded inadequately; they contained cremated animal bones and animal bones with a small admixture of human bone. Cremated animal burials, relatively frequent in Cloche Grave Culture, are always deposited within a grave pit. A number of isolated animal bones was recorded at Wieliszew, occasionally also inside cloche and urn graves. Some features were set so close together that they must be synchronic At Wieliszew there were six or seven such complexes consisting of two or three graves, always of cloche type. Beside synchronic deposition this arrangement indicates existence of ties, presumably of kinship, which linked the buried individuals, but the lack of anthropological determinations makes it impossible to trace any possible relationships. We can only conclude that individuals buried in these graves had been accorded a very special form of cloche grave burial and were accompanied in death by furnishings exceptionally rich for the whole cemetery, all of which suggests that they must have occupied a special position in their community. In Cloche Grave Culture there is no general tradition of producing pottery vessels specifically for funerary purposes. Nevertheless it is difficult to image the thin-walled elaborately ornamented urn vessels being used for everyday domestic purposes. In some (but not all) jugs and mugs the handle was missing and was not discovered elsewhere in the grave pit; perhaps handles were knocked off from vessels in some symbolic ritual. Presence in the grave inventory of non-ceramic grave goods is confirmed most often only by traces of copper patina or (exceptionally) iron rust adhering to the bones. The only iron object was an item of toiletry – tweezers. Other small finds included fragments of copper or bronze wire and sheet, melted remains of glass beads, and objects fashioned from bone and antler: two small plates with a central perforation, a bone pin, and a heavily burnt ornamented hammerlike antler object (however, not a single find of a similar hammer is recorded in Poland). All these objects, regardless of their material, are forms with known analogies in Hallstatt material, its younger phase in particular. The pottery from Wieliszew does not differ technologically from ceramics known from other ‘pure’ Cloche Grave cemeteries in Mazowsze. Ornamentation is relatively modest and tends to be uncommon. The only exception are four bowls with ornamentation widely different from the typical Cloche Grave Culture repertoire (Figs. 16d, 25c, 26e, 35b). All four bowls are decorated with motives produced by making short and deep incisions arranged in wavy line, star or flower pattern. The composition of these motives is fairly unskilled, the artist apparently failed to plan the individual designs on the vessel body, something never observed in Cloche Grave pottery. Another exceptional find is a bowl with inlaid design of four small metal rings pressed into the soft clay (Fig. 41a.b). This decorative technique is not recorded either in Cloche Grave Culture or in the region. Dating ceramics in Cloche Grave Culture is very difficult. In their features the vessels from Wieliszew are consistent with the assumption that the cemetery was already in use in late Hallstatt period, before Pomeranian Culture would have left its imprint on the funerary rite or pottery styles. Archaeological evidence is insufficient to determine whether the gravefield continued into early La Tčne but its small size probably reflects its short duration. The presence of the four exceptional bowls discussed earlier, almost certainly the product of one pottery-maker, helps to confine the time of deposition of graves which contained these vessels to the period of professional activity of a this individual (35 years at most?). It is also likely that during this time burials were deposited within an area confined on both sides by graves containing the vessels in question. The graves are additionally dated by their grave goods of Hallstatt date (Fig. 54). Imaginably, outside the area marked by the graves with bowls burials were deposited during a younger phase of the cemetery but for lack of evidence this issue cannot be examined in more detail. Excavation at Wieliszew produced a small body of artefacts attributable to other culture units and chronological divisions: flints (discussed in A. J. To¬maszewski 2006), 3 fragments of Trzciniec Culture pottery (Fig. 55f), 6 fragments of Early Medieval vessels (Fig. 55a.c–e.g). A medieval pit (Fig. 48), presumably associated with production activity, contained in its fill a fragment of a gothic hand-moulded brick and a fragment of a wheel--thrown jug (Fig. 51a); another fragment of a turned medieval vessel was also discovered, not associated with the pit in question (Fig. 55b).
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Warszawa-Grochów "ul. Górników" - cmentarzysko z wczesnej epoki żelaza

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Andrzejowska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2012
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vol. LXIII
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issue 63
33-114
EN
Known alternately as Witolin, site 2, and Warszawa-Grochów, Ostro¬bramska Street, the site “ul. Gór¬ników” is situated in the Praga district of Warsaw on the southern slope of one of the dunes bordering the right-hand bank of the Vistula. At present this area is fully under urban development (Fig. 1, 2, 4) and the Górników Street itself, recorded on early maps of Warsaw, is no more. The site was discovered by chance in 1946. A fragment – 20 m2 – was excavated in 1947 by Maria Gądzikiewicz from the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. More finds surfaced in 1965 and 1968. Archaeological excavation was resumed in 1973 and continued until 1975, run by Jan Michalski and Hanna Młynarczyk from the state monuments conservation atelier Pracownia Konserwacji Zabytków who investigated a total 2343 m2. Previous to this research the site had suffered much depredation resulting in a loss or partial destruction of many archaeological features. Next to graves associated with a grave-field of the Cloche Grave Culture – the largest group –exploration was made of features attributed to the Pomeranian Culture and the Lusatian Culture, and several features associated with an early medieval cemetery which included some finely preserved inhumation graves. Archaeological material and documentation from this research passed to the State Archaeological Museum, recorded under inventory numbers III/1465, III/6049 and V/7227. The present study gives a presentation and a discussion of Bronze and Early Iron Age finds deriving from 82 features – primary or secondary, the latter formed of redeposited remains of destroyed graves. Included in the present analysis are funerary ceramics from the chance finds made in 1956 and 1968. The features associated with the early medieval cemetery will be the subject of a separate study. Eleven pits identified during the excavation were interpreted as archaeological features. Most of them were in the southern fragment of the investigated site. Their shallow, basin-like fill, generally contained very small and uncharacteristic fragments of pottery, charcoal, as well as a number of flints. Features 77 and 95 yielded pottery fragments with small perforations under the rim; feature 77 additionally held several flints: a fragment of a core (scraper?), some flakes (one retouched) and spalls. Three features (45, 54, 69) contained inserts of dark black earth rich in charcoal fragments, small fragments of pottery, in feature 54, such an insert also contained some burnt stones. These may be identified as the remains of fires/hearths and linked with a settlement of the Lusatian Culture from its final phase, earlier than the grave-field. The other pits may be interpreted as relics of funerary practices and some other forms of using the burial ground but there is no evidence to support this interpretation. The graves spread over a fairly large area occurring on their own or in irregular clusters divided by distinct empty spaces, in a way which is characteristic for many grave-fields from the Early Bronze Age recorded in Mazowsze. Of 41 features classified in the category of cloche graves only 27 actually were found to contain a legible ceramic structure, complete with a well preserved cloche. The cloche graves, discovered mainly in the central strip and in the eastern fragment of the investigated area, occurred with a varying intensity without forming distinct concentrations. At the same time, there was a number of “paired” features found close to each other, at least one of them a cloche grave. A more outstanding tandem (features 2.1 and 2.2) had the form of two communicating pits containing three actually child burials. In cloche graves the inventories predominantly consisted of a “classic” set of ceramics – a cinerary urn with the bowl placed over its opening and the cloche. In feature 16 the urn rested under two cloche vessels placed one over the other. In a few poorly preserved features no urns or their bowl lids were identified. In features 14, 16, 28 and 96 the urn rested on a ceramic stand (inserted into the bottom of another, incomplete pottery vessel) or on a “pavement” of pottery sherds. In addition, the bottom of the pit of grave 16 had a lining of daub and small stones. There is no evidence that the urns and the cloches were set about with rocks or sherds. The cloches are a mixed group of egg-shaped jars with a high-set shoulder and a roughened surface. A smaller group are large, broad-bodied necked vessels, the neck having a smoothed surface. Among the urns the dominant form ware profiled, necked vessels with a body either smoothed or roughened. And there is evidence that a handled cup was used for an urn at least once (feature 3/47). More than 40% cloche graves contained non-ceramic grave goods, mostly, very small, usually very poorly preserved bronzes. The largest assemblage is from a destroyed feature 55 and consists of fragments of iron ornaments and remains of earrings (bronze rings) retaining small fragments of chains and glass beads. Feature 28 yielded an antler haft and a sheet iron clasp with a rivet. Ten features were interpreted as the remains of single urn graves without stone constructions. Like the cloche graves, the urn graves although they tended to occur in the eastern zone of the investigated area formed no apparent clusters. On three occasions burials had been deposited in a handled cup (children), on five occasions (two children, three adults) in a small egg-shaped jar. Some graves had been provided with a fragment of a pottery vessel, a flat cake of clay (feature 2.2) or a flat stone (33) placed under the urn or used as a lid. In two graves (features 17, 30) next to the urn there were accessory vessels – small handled cups. In feature 17 inside the urn was a bronze dress pin, its head hammered flat folded into a loop. The pit of feature 30 yielded two small iron rivets and three small fragments of iron sheet. A unique burial rested inside a stone cist (feature 5) deposited in a pyriform urn with a hat-like lid and accompanied by an accessory vessel. Mixed with the remains of the cremation was a small fragment of a bronze object. Close to the cist grave there were the remains of some fully destroyed graves, at least two, containing multiple vessels, without evidence of a stone setting or cist (features 4, 11). They were recorded as clusters of pottery on the margin of a large refuse pit. The total number of the destroyed urns may be reconstructed from the fragments of at least 14 hat-like lids or bowl-lids. Presumably in these graves the function of urn was served by vase-like vessels of various sizes and some of the handled cups/jugs, used also as accessory vessels. Fragments of similar pottery (including a fragment of a hat-like lid) surfaced also in the fill of feature 12 found nearby, fully destroyed. The bottom of the backfilled pit of this grave had a lining of a few small stones. Features 4, 5, 11 and 12 were interpreted as relics of the Pomeranian Culture graves. The bone remains recovered from the cloche graves and urn graves of assorted types were found to belong to 56 individuals, more than a half of them adults (33). This differs from the situation observed in other grave-fields from the Early Iron Age where child burials prevail. Similarly as at Warszawa-Henryków, Warszawa-Zerzeń or Dziecinów, in the grave-field under analysis there was an observable tendency to give special treatment to the youngest burials. More outstanding in this respect were the urn graves which mostly, although not exclusively, were used for child burials, which, moreover, were deposited in handled cups and small egg-shaped jars. Twelve pit graves were discovered in the central and eastern area of the site. A few of them were almost fully eroded. It appears from observation of the better preserved graves that the cremated bones, found inside them in the form of a caked mass, had been placed in the pit in a container (urn) made of organic material, no traces of which survive at present. One burial which definitely belongs in the category of unurned pit graves is documented by the remains of a small child that were identified around the cloche in the pit of feature 2.1. The other burials (eleven of them subjected to osteological analysis) contained only, or for the most part, burnt animal bones, almost invariably, of horses, on occasion, of cattle. Only feature 13 was found to contain the bone remains of a small child. Five pit graves yielded small bronze and iron objects, including small buttons, rivets, an iron loop (“eye”) and an awl. They make up around 24% of the total number of features in the grave-field containing non-ceramic grave goods. Animal graves occurred on their own (10/47, 32, 41, 43) or in pairs (all the others), in the neighbourhood of the cloche graves and of a non-typical urn grave (feature 34) holding the human cremation and some cremated bones of horse or cattle. A small quantity of animal remains was recorded in a total of 14 human graves of diverse types, except for features 2.1, 79, all of them adult burials. Mostly the bones were those of a large mammal, and on one occasion of sheep/goat (feature 1/47) and roe deer (feature 5). Using the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz analysis was made of a total of close to 115 vessels a half of which were included in the sub-group of jars (A1). Over 40 vessels were bowls (B1), the remainder – jugs and handled cups (A2, B2). Typological analysis confirmed differences in the form and manner of surface finish, noted in earlier studies, of vessels used to furnish graves recognized as relics of the Pomeranian Culture as compared to the pottery from features attributed to the Cloche Grave Culture. The majority of vessels recovered from features 5, 4, 11 are forms classified as type A1I, variant a or b. These are vase-like, gently profiled pots, smoothed all over, with a relatively low-set belly. The most distinctive specimen in this group has a high funnel neck and is engraved with a pectoral – a vessel of similar shape (with the image of a face and a pectoral) surfaced in a cist grave at Sochaczew-Trojanów, another outstanding specimen is a pyriform vessel with a very high neck and a body roughened between the shoulder and the base which finds the closest analogy in a face urn from Rzadkowo, distr. Piła. The vessels discovered in these features were provided with lids, some of them hat-shaped, typical for the Pomeranian Culture. One of the graves contained a fragment of a face urn – a ceramic ear with three perforations. The pottery discovered in the Pomeranian Culture features is relatively thin-walled, its surface almost invariably well smoothed, frequently glossy. Except for the urn from feature 4, decorated with a representation of a pectoral, ornamentation of other vessels, including their lids, is limited to rows of minute punctures or diagonal grooves, common in the Cloche Grave Culture ceramics. Attributes of the ceramic furnishings in graves 4 and 11 correspond to the description of inventories of similar features of mixed character recorded in a number of other grave-fields in Mazowsze. Among the ceramic finds from graves associated with the Cloche grave-field the most frequent types are IV and V, variant c. These are vessels with a high-set body, roughened all over, no neck, and also, forms with a roughened belly, which typically is separated from a smoothed neck by a plastic cordon. Vessels displaying similar attributes, often encountered in “classic” grave inventories in the role of cloches and burial urns, are recognized as a ceramic marker of “classic” Cloche Grave Culture assemblages. A vessel type more in evidence than in most Cloche grave-fields are wares (mostly cloches) classified as type IIIc but close in their outlook to types Vc and VIc. This is because there is a relatively high frequency of egg-shaped jars with a roughened surface, the neck poorly marked, in some specimens indicated only by leaving a randomly levelled or smoothed band below the rim. Type V is also represented by a number of vessels without a cordon in which the roughening ends below the base of the neck. Cordons separating the neck from the vessel body, smooth or corrugated by impressing or incision, at times, provided with small knobs or lugs, appear only on six urns and six cloches, types A1I and A1V. Individual, flat bosses were noted twice. Absolutely unique is the placement of a group of three knobs on the body of an uncharacteristically profiled bowl discovered in feature 2.2. Also uncharacteristic are short, corrugated cordons applied diagonally onto the wall of the cloche from feature 55 which diverge from the arrangement typical for vessels used as cloches – of a festoon or tassels of a tied cord. The surface of several vessels, including a bowl (from features 37, 42, 44, 57 96), was covered by a dense network of intersecting grooves made with a comb. Decorative designs seen on other vessels include opposed groups of diagonal grooves pendant from the base of the vessel neck and circumferential arrangements of oval or sub-circular stamped impressions. The urn from grave 55 and the handled cup from feature 30 feature a rare design of circular indentations with a marked centre impressed using a fine tube-like object. A few jars and bowls have handles, in three cases with, at its base, applied cord “tendrils”. Finally, non-functional lugs, more likely to play the role of a decorative element, appear on several profiled cloches and urns, at the transition from the neck to the body, and in some bowls, below the rim. Non-ceramic grave furnishings were recorded in 21 features, i.e., in approximately a third of all the features (not only burials) subjected to analysis. The largest group are bronzes but there is also a significant number of identifiable iron objects (ca. 15). The best preserved bronze objects are the following: tweezers, discovered in feature 24 next to the remains of a horse, and possibly a fragment of a similar object – “arms and a slide”, from a cloche grave (?) recorded as feature 46, and a straight dressing pin with the top hammered and folded into an eye – from feature 17. Features 3, 40 and 90 yielded fragments of small bronzes which may be described as “buttons” or “tags”, possibly, dress accessories, alternately, as elements of horse harness or other accessories associated with keeping animals. From feature 55 come fragments of personal ornaments without analogy in the Cloche Grave Culture assemblages recorded in Mazo¬wsze, namely, fragments of an iron neckring fashioned from a twisted square-sectioned wire, and a bracelet (of multiple coils?) from a strip of metal sheet. They were accompanied by small fragments of iron and bronze rings (earrings?) and melted glass. Feature 37 yielded the shaft of an iron swan-neck pin. Its head did not survive but we have reason to believe its shape had been similar to that of the bronze pin discovered in feature 17. Animal grave (feature 19) held two objects made of iron: a length of square-sectioned rod folded into a loop (an “eye”) and a short awl, partly square and partly round of section. Fragments of an object made of elk antler with a design of concentric rings with a dot at centre discovered in feature 28 were interpreted as the remains of a haft-handle of some implement. The seriously devastated condition of the grave-field and the partial or full destruction of many features make it difficult to establish the correlation between the position, structure and inventory of the graves. Nevertheless we can say that the construction of some of the graves belonging to the Cloche cemetery, particularly the nature of their inventories, displays a similarity to the model known from the Lusatian Culture grave-fields. Similarly arranged and furnished features recorded in Warszawa-Grochów, site “Brylowszczyzna”, have been attributed to the Lusatian Culture and, in case of graves covered with a cloche, recognized as early burials of the Cloche Grave cemetery. Stylistic and ornamental features of some other vessels from Warszawa, “ul. Górników”, recorded in the Lusatian Culture grave-fields in Warsaw, i.e., site “Brylow¬szczyzna”, and at Miedzeszyn, recall the pottery known from sub-units of the Lusatian Culture – the Upper Silesian-Lesser Poland Group (grupa górnośląsko-małopolska) and the Tarnobrzeg Group. This would confirm our assumption that in its emergence the Cloche Grave Culture in Mazowsze drew on local Lusatian traditions but with a significant contribution made by culture elements deriving from the south and the south-west. The onset of this process which, apparently, is legible also in the grave-field under discussion, presumably took place around the middle of period Ha D. This chronology finds support also in the dating of the majority of analogies to the non-ceramic finds from our grave-field. Their distribution range suggests that some of these objects, particularly iron, were brought to central and eastern Mazowsze and Podlasie from the territory of the Tarnobrzeg Group or, possibly, from the European forest-steppe zone within the area of influence of Scythian cultures. Direct contacts with the region to the east are suggested by the appearance in the Cloche Grave Culture assemblages of pottery with a stroked surface and the spread of corrugated cordons applied to the vessel wall and rim. Also eloquent is the increase, observed in the Cloche grave-fields, of the importance of animals, particularly horses, evidenced by a special funerary rite and the presence in human and animal grave inventories of objects associated with the breeding and utilization of animals. Analysis shows that the grave-sites “Brylowszczyzna” and “ul. Gór¬ników” were in use during an approximately the same period, possibly until the appearance at the close of the Hallstatt Period of graves displaying “Pomeranian” features. The grave-field Warszawa-Grochów “ul. Górni¬ków” could have been continued (or used in parallel) by the same community established nearby, at the convergence of Zamieniecka and Zagójska Streets, where during the 1920s a dozen-odd graves were excavated and associated with the Cloche Grave Culture cemetery.
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Schyłkowopaleolityczne i mezolityczne materiały krzemienne z cmentarzyska kultury grobów kloszowych w Wieliszewie

63%
Tomaszewski A. J.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2006
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vol. LVIII
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issue 58
209-213
EN
During the excavations of a cemetery of the Cloche Grave Culture at Wieliszew (T. Węgrzynowicz 2006) a series of 18 chipped flint artefacts was unearthed at different depths, mainly from the illuvial layer. 16 specimens are of chocolate flint and 2 of erratic Cretaceous flint. As much as 14 items bear traces of having been burnt. Two components can be tentatively distinguished within the series. The first, more numerous, comprises mainly blades and fragments of blades (Fig. 1:1, 2), as well as a poor end-scraper superimposed over a burin (Fig. 1:3) and a fragment of a retouched blade. Some of the blades are from opposed-platform cores (Fig. 1:1), a technical trait that, together with the dimensions of the pieces, enables us to attribute them to the Final Paleolithic Masovian (Swiderian) tradition. The second component is represented by as few as four pieces, but they are more culture-specific: a single-platform subconical core (Fig. 1:5), a thermal fragment of a microlithic core, a bi-pointed backed bladelet of the Stawinoga type (Fig. 1:4), and an adze or proto-axe (Fig. 1:6). The Stawinoga point is characteristic for the Komornica Culture, from an earlier part of the Mesolithic Period. As for the adze, on the Polish Plain it is a tool-type linked with the adaptation of the Mesolithic communities to the forest environment (cf M. Kobusiewicz 1973). Both assemblages are obviously incomplete and in disturbed position, which is due, among other things, to the digging of the grave pits. The collection completes the rich Stone Age materials from the area of the lower Narev river, gathered and excavated in the years 1955–1963 (H. Więckowska 1985)
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Grodzisk Mazowiecki, stan. X – cmentarzysko kultury grobów kloszowych i kultury przeworskiej

51%
Kaczyński B., Woźniak M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2020
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vol. LXXI
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issue 71
289-318
EN
Site X, located in the centre of present-day Grodzisk Mazowiecki, was discovered at the beginning of 1959 during construction works carried out in the area of a former Jewish cemetery (Fig. 1, 2). As a result of accidental discoveries and one-day rescue excavations, a total of nine ancient graves (1–5, 7–10) were registered. Another one (6), located in a secondary deposit, was discovered about 50 m to the east in 1988 during earthworks at one of the factory buildings (Fig. 2). Artefacts from the cemetery are currently stored in three institutions, i.e. the Grodzisk Mazowiecki Cultural Centre, the Museum of Ancient Mazovian Metallurgy in Pruszków and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. Due to the accidental nature of the discoveries, their only documentation are notes from archaeological interventions and entries on the artefact inventory cards drawn in 1959 (Fig. 4). The lack of sketches and field descriptions does not make it possible to reconstruct the location of the graves and significantly hinders analysis of the funeral rite. The long-term storage of the unstudied material negatively affected its condition – some of the artefacts and documents were lost. This study covers those artefacts that could be identified and combined into grave assemblages. The phase of use of the cemetery in the Early Iron Age is represented by six features: two cloche graves (Fig. 7, 10), three cloche or urn graves (Fig. 5, 6, 8) and one urn grave (Fig. 9). In most cases, the graves contained only pottery. Among the remains of at least 22 vessels, 18 could be typologically identified per the classification of T. Węgrzynowicz30, including ten pots (A1), representing four types and/or variants: I var. b (Fig. 10:2), III var. c (Fig. 7:2), III (Fig. 19:5), V var. c (Fig. 5:1, 6:2, 9:1, 10:1), V (Fig. 6:1, 8:2) VI var. c (Fig. 19:6). Seven bowls (B1) were classified as types: I var. c (Fig. 7:3, 8:4, 9:2, 10:3, 19:4), I var. d (Fig. 8:1), V var. c (Fig. 7:1). There was also one mug (B2) of type I var. b (Fig. 19:3). The vessels represent forms commonly found at Cloche Grave Culture cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia. The vessels with quite rare stamped impressions with a marked centre, made with a straw (Fig. 20), stand out in terms of ornamentation. Decoration on the urn from grave 6, made with polygonal stamps with a marked centre (Fig. 10:2), is completely unique. It was presumably made with lignified stems of field plants. Non-ceramic artefacts: bronze lumps, bronze wire and a fragment of a corroded iron sheet (Fig. 7:4.5), originally probably small items of adornment or tools, were only recorded in three graves (3, 5, 6). Skeletal remains were only preserved in three graves. Anthropological analysis showed that the bones of an adult man were interred in grave 2, of a seven-year-old child and an adult in grave 3, and of an adult woman (?) in ‘grave’ 6. The cloche graves cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is located in the eastern part of the Łowicz-Błonie Plain – an area distinguished by intense settlement of the Pomeranian Cloche Grave circle45. Features of the pottery indicate that the cemetery functioned mainly in phase Ib after M. Andrzejowska53, i.e. approximately at the end of Ha D – the beginning of the so-called older Pre-Roman Period. Four graves are associated with the use of the cemetery in the Roman Period – most likely one pit (grave 7) and three urn burials, including one (grave 9) in which the cinerary urn was covered with another vessel (Fig. 13). The remains of a woman were deposited in grave 8; bones from other graves were not preserved or could not be identified. Grave-goods consisted of 24 non-ceramic objects, including: a bronze brooch (Fig. 13:3), probably a strongly profiled one of the Mazovian variety55; two iron buckles (Fig. 14:3.4.4a), including type D1 after R. Madyda-Legutko57; a bronze strap-end (Fig. 13:4), similar to type 1/6 of group I after R. Madyda-Legutko64; a rectangular bronze belt fitting (Fig. 19:1); remains of an iron razor (Fig. 15:6); three straight iron knives (Fig. 15:3–5); a one-piece antler comb, type Thomas AI68 (Fig. 12:1); (Fig. 12:2); a sandstone whetstone (Fig. 14:5); a double-edged iron sword (Fig. 18:1.1a) of the Canterbury-Kopki72 type or the Canterbury-Mainz variant of the Lauriacum-Hromówka73 type; two iron shield bosses and a bronze shield fitting (lost); four spearheads of types: L/2 (Fig. 18:6.6a), V/2 (Fig. 18:3), II/2 (Fig. 18:2) and XIII (Fig. 18:7) after P. Kaczanowski85–87; aa bow-shaped spur (Fig. 18:5) of type C1b after J. Ginalski95; a chair-shaped spur (Fig. 18:4.4a), similar to type IIc after E. Roman97; remains of a bronze bucket with iron handle of the Östland/Eggers 39–40107 type (Fig. 15:1.2, 16, 17). Of the six clay vessels, five can be typologically identified; they belong to types I/2 (Fig. 14:1), II/1 (Fig. 11:1, 14:2), III (Fig. 13:2) and V (Fig. 12:1) in the classification of T. Liana113. The richest burial at the cemetery, as well as in the area between the Bzura, the Rawka and the Vistula, is grave 10 (Fig. 14–18). It is distinguished by an imported bronze vessel and an exceptionally large number of elements of weaponry (two bosses, four spearheads), testifying to the above-average social position of the deceased. A. Niewęgłowski134 suggested that two warriors were buried in the grave; however, the thesis cannot be verified due to the inability to identify burned bones from this feature. Although isolated graves with larger than standard weaponry sets, including ones containing two shield bosses or several spearheads, are known from Przeworsk Culture cemeteries, they are not frequent. Östland-type vessels are among the Roman bronze vessels most frequently encountered in barbarian Europe. In western Mazovia, imported bronze vessels are relatively rare. The burials from the Przeworsk Culture cemetery are from the Early Roman Period. Grave 10 is dated to stage B2a, grave 9 to phases B2b–B2/C1, grave 8 to phases B2b–C1a, and grave 7 only broadly to phases B1–B2. The cemetery is located within a dense, west-Masovian cluster of Przeworsk Culture settlement, which also included an iron metallurgy centre142. The cemetery at site X in Grodzisk Mazowiecki is one of the many Masovian necropoles used by the population of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk Cultures152. Even though the mutual chronological relations of the Cloche Grave and Przeworsk assemblages exclude a hypothesis about continuous use of the cemetery by the population of both cultures, it should be remembered that the site has only been partially explored. Unfortunately, the area of the cemetery is currently heavily urbanised and partly overlaps with a former Jewish cemetery, where excavations are forbidden (Fig. 3). This prevents any archaeological research, and thus possible determination of the original range of the cemetery and examination of its structure.
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Okruchy historii. Kilka interesujących skorup z Anusina na Kujawach

51%
Andrzejowska M.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2019
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vol. LXX
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issue 70
93-103
EN
This article discusses the unique ornamentation of a vessel from a grave assemblage discovered in unspecified circumstances in the village of Anusin in Kujawy before World War II. The vessel, most probably of the Cloche Grave Culture, can be dated to the Early Iron Age. This globular cinerary urn is decorated with a grid of cord-like impressions. The pattern is most similar to the ornaments known from the face urns of the Pomeranian Culture. The false cord impressions were probably made with a tool resembling a hoop earring wrapped in coiled wire. Such items of adornment, with Eastern references, were popular in the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture (e.g. Trzęsówka type coils) and are also found in Kujawy. The vessel from Anusin is therefore an example of an object combining various pottery and ornamental traditions of the communities settled in Kujawy around the middle of the 1st millennium BC.
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Warszawa-Wilanów „Powsin” – cmentarzysko z wczesnej epoki żelaza w świetle danych archiwalnych

51%
Kaczyński B.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2022
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vol. LXXIII
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issue 73
157-191
EN
The Warszawa-Wilanów “Powsin” cemetery was discovered in the spring of 1990 during a field survey conducted as part of the Archaeological Record of Poland. The abundant pottery found on the surface and the devastation of the site area with hollows and rubbish dumps led to a rescue excavation in the summer of the same year, carried out under the supervision of Maria Kulisiewicz-Kubielas on behalf of The Polish Studios for Conservation of Cultural Property (Fig. 1, 2). During the excavations, which covered an area of 286 m2, twenty-three features related to the functioning of an early Iron Age cemetery were discovered (Fig. 3). It was not until 2006 when the next discovery was made at the cemetery during archaeological monitoring ahead of a construction work. The site is now completely built over, as confirmed by surface surveys in 2019. The results of the exploration of the site were not published after the end of the excavations in 1990, and the fate of the documentation taken was unknown. The present study was made possible by the discovery of a folder in the legacy of Maria Kulisiewicz-Kubielas, which contained a report manuscript, field photographs, a description of the artefacts with their inventory numbers, a sketch of the are grid with excavation trenches, a list of features and their contents, scientific notes and illustrations of the artefacts. The documentation did not include drawings, photographs or descriptions of pits and graves. Despite the absence of some of the data, an analysis of the surviving archival documents made it possible to restore 80% of the original information base. The material from the excavations, after several changes in storage locations, is now kept in the collection of the Faculty of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw. Of the discovered features, one was identified as a quasi-cist grave (Fig. 8, 12), four as cloche graves (Fig. 4, 5), three as urned graves (Fig. 9−11) and six as presumed pit graves. The remaining nine features were deemed to be pits of undetermined function (Fig. 6, 7). The most interesting in terms of funeral rites and grave goods was the quasi-cist feature no. 10. In a rectangular pit measuring 2.2×1.2 m, it contained burnt bones of a man and a woman deposited on a lining of pottery sherds. The remains were accompanied by six accessory vessels, arranged in a row (Fig. 12). Of the nine vessels identified in the feature, four were thin-walled, blackened pots and jars (Pl. II), and the rest were forms with thicker walls, smoothed surface and, exceptionally, with a roughened body (Pl. III). Non-ceramic grave goods consisted of bronze tongs, a bronze crescent-shaped object and an iron pin. An urned grave of a child (feature 18) was dug into the north-eastern corner of the feature under discussion (Fig. 9). Feature 10 exhibits characteristics of funerary rites typical of the Pomeranian culture, including the rectangular shape of the burial pit and the orderly, linear arrangement of the vessels in the grave. Some of the grave goods – thin-walled black pots and jars with low-set bodies – are also characteristic of the culture in question. The elements that deviate from “Pomeranian” patterns include the absence of a stone structure, the deposition of the bones on the pottery-lined bottom of the pit, numerous accessory vessels and the presence of earthenware with traits typical of the Cloche Grave Culture pottery. Therefore, feature 10 displays a “mixed” Pomeranian-Cloche Grave culture character, specific to areas settled by people of the Pomeranian culture in the later phases of its development. The closest analogy to the feature in question is grave 80 from the Brześć Kujawski cemetery, Włocławek County. The cloche and urned burials were deposited in pure sand or in faintly outlined, grey pits. The vessels in the cloche graves were found in a classic arrangement – a cinerary urn filled with bones was covered with a bowl and shielded with a cloche. The urned burials, mostly child graves, were found in the vicinity of the cloche graves and the quasi-cist feature. The pit graves, about which no detailed information is available, contained small numbers of bones. The archaeological material from the site is dominated by pottery. Of the 34 vessels recovered, 26 were preserved to the extent that allowed them to be classified as per the typology developed by Teresa Węgrzynowicz in 1988. 16 vessels were attributed to the pot subgroup (A1), three were identified as jars (subgroup A2) and seven as bowls (subgroup B1). They were further divided into types (according to the presence or absence of a neck and the finish of the outer surface) and variants (according to the location of the maximum body circumference). The vessels from Warszawa-Wilanów “Powsin” are counted among forms commonly found at early Iron Age cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia. The decorations on two cloches reference ornamentation found on pottery of the Mazovian and Tarnobrzeg-Lusatian Urnfield Culture. Namely, the adornments in question are four holes (three only partially pierced through) under the edge of a pot from feature 1 and a short, notched strip of clay applied on the upper body part of a pot from a grave discovered in 2006. Metal artefacts were recorded in graves 1, 2, 10 and 18. In features 1 and 2, these were fragments of a bronze wire and an iron wire respectively, probably parts of small decorations. In grave 10, found among the burnt bones of the pair of adults, there were their daily-use objects: an iron pin with a swan neck and looped head, a bronze crescent-shaped object and a pair of bronze tongs (Pl. III/10:1−3). An analogous iron pin found in the urned child burial 18 was probably a special grave gift (Pl. V/18:1). Pin specimens shaped similarly to those uncovered at Powsin (gently bent neck, head facing downward) represent the latest type of pins with swan necks and looped heads, found in the later phases of the Pomeranian-Cloche Grave cultural circle in Mazovia and central Poland (Fig. 13). Like pins with hooked necks and so-called “gullets”, they are dated to the early pre-Roman period (Fig. 14). The only analogies to the bronze crescent-shaped strip are found in graves of the Pomeranian Culture in Lower Silesia. The presence of such objects in women's graves suggests that they were either used to adorn the body (earrings) or were sewn onto clothing to reinforce it at the insertion point of a pin or brooch needle. The bronze tongs have narrow, triangular paddles not separated from the body, which was made from a rod of a semi-circular cross-section and looped at the bend. Formally, they belong to the East Pomeranian type with narrow paddles, distinguished by Marek Gedl. Artefacts analogous to the Powsin specimen are found in large numbers in Greater Poland and rarely in Mazovia and Podlachia. None of the analysed metal artefacts are sensitive chronological markers, but their particular traits and indicated analogies likely attribute them to the Early Pre-Roman Period. The Warszawa-Wilanów “Powsin” cemetery belongs to the third category of “mixed” Pomeranian-Cloche Grave sites distinguished by Mirosława Andrzejowska, where quasi-cist features occur alongside graves characteristic of the Cloche Grave culture. Quasi-cist feature 10 from Powsin was most likely the oldest grave at the cemetery. Its furnishings, especially the iron pins with swan necks and the bronze crescent-shaped strip, which find analogies at other cemeteries from the later phases of the Pomeranian-Cloche Grave cultural circle, prove that the burial in question was probably deposited already in the Early Pre-Roman Period. Feature 15, with grave goods consisting of vessels typical of the latest phase of Cloche Grave Culture cemeteries in Mazovia and Podlachia, is the youngest. The Powsin cemetery was used by a community whose funeral rite and grave goods exhibit characteristics of three cultural zones, i.e., the “local” Mazovian-Podlachian Cloche Grave culture, the Pomeranian Culture and the Tarnobrzeg-Lusatian Urnfield Culture, which acted as an intermediary to the spread of so-called “eastern elements” in the Polish lands. Similar “mixed” traits are found at the cemeteries at Dziecinów and Warszawa-Grochów “ul. Górników”; thus, they may have functioned at the same time as the Powsin site. In order to verify the relative chronology of the cemetery, 14C dating of a fragment of a cremated bone from feature 10 was obtained. The 14C date – 2400±30 BP – was within the range of 544−397 BCE after calibration at the 95.4% probability level and within the range of 494−405 BCE at the 68.3% probability level (Fig. 15). The result falls within the boundaries of the LTA and early LTB phases according to Michael Trachsel’s dating corrections. Therefore, the cemetery was in operation in the 5th century BCE.
PL
Cmentarzysko w Warszawie-Powsinie odkryte zostało wiosną 1990 roku w trakcie badań powierzchniowych Archeologicznego Zdjęcia Polski. Licznie występująca ceramika na powierzchni i ślady zniszczeń spowodowały, że latem tego samego roku przeprowadzone zostały ratownicze badania wykopaliskowe kierowane przez Marię Kulisiewicz-Kubielas z ramienia Polskich Państwowych Pracowni Konserwacji (Ryc. 1; 2). Pracami wykopaliskowymi objęto obszar 286m2 i odkryto 23 obiekty związane z funkcjonowaniem cmentarzyska z wczesnej epoki żelaza (Ryc. 3). Po zakończeniu badań nie powstało opracowanie stanowiska, zaś losy dokumentacji z badań pozostały nieznane. Ponownych i ostatnich odkryć na cmentarzysku dokonano w 2006 roku podczas nadzoru archeologicznego, wykonywanego podczas budowy domów mieszkalnych. Obecnie stanowisko jest całkowicie zabudowane i kontynuacja badań jest niemożliwa, co potwierdziły badania powierzchniowe prowadzone w 2019 roku. Niniejsze opracowanie było możliwe dzięki odnalezieniu w zbiorach prywatnych ś. p. Marii Kulisiewicz teczki z materiałem z badań, zawierającej najważniejsze dane, opisujące zawartość obiektów i zabytki oraz ich dokumentację ilustracyjną. Braki danych, wynikające z niekompletności dokumentacji z badań dotyczyły wyłącznie jam i grobów jamowych, dla których nie zachowały się rysunki, zdjęcia i opisy. Pomimo trudności analiza zachowanych dokumentów archiwalnych pozwoliła w 80% na odzyskanie pierwotnej bazy informacji. Materiały z badań, po kilku zmianach miejsc magazynowania, przechowywane są obecnie w zbiorach Wydziału Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Wśród 23 trzech obiektów, jeden określono jako zbiorowy grób bezpopielnicowy (Ryc. 8; 12), jeden jako podwójny grób popielnicowy (Ryc. 10; 11), cztery jako groby kloszowe (Ryc. 4; 5), dwa jako groby popielnicowe (Ryc. 9) , sześć jako domniemane groby jamowe oraz pozostałe dziewięć jako jamy o nieokreślonej funkcji (Ryc. 6; 7). Najciekawszym pod względem obrządku pogrzebowego i zawartości był obiekt 10. W prostokątnej jamie o wymiarach 2,2 x 1,2 m złożono przepalone kości kobiety i mężczyzny na podkładce wykonanej z ceramiki. Szczątkom towarzyszyło sześć przystawek, ułożonych w rzędzie (Ryc. 12). Na wyposażenie obiektu łącznie składało się 9 naczyń, spośród których cztery to cienkościenne, czernione garnki i dzbanki, pozostałe to formy o grubszych ściankach i powierzchniach wygładzonych i lekko chropowaconych (Tabl. II; III). Wyposażenie nieceramiczne zawierało szczypce brązowe, brązowy przedmiot półksiężycowaty oraz żelazną szpilę. W północno-wschodni narożnik obiektu wkopano popielnicę 18 z kośćmi dziecka. Analiza obrządku pogrzebowego wykazała, że obiekt posiadał wiele cech obrządku pogrzebowego typowego dla kultury pomorskiej, m. in. „wielopopielnicowość”; uporządkowany, rzędowy układ naczyń w grobie; prostokątny kształt jamy grobowej; niektóre elementy wyposażenia – cienkościenne, czarne garnki i dzbanki z nisko osadzonymi brzuścami. Nie pasujące do klasycznego modelu tej kultury wymieniono cechy: brak jakiejkolwiek konstrukcji kamiennej; wysypanie kości na wyłożone ceramiką dno jamy; liczne przystawki grobowe; występowanie naczyń o znamionach kultury grobów kloszowych. Najbliższą analogię do omawianego obiektu stanowił grób 80 z cmentarzyska w Brześciu Kujawskim. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że obiekt ma charakter „mieszany” pomorsko-kloszowy, charakterystyczny dla obszarów allochtonicznych i młodszych faz kultury pomorskiej. Groby kloszowe oraz popielnicowe składane były w czystym piasku, lub w szarych, słabo rysujących się jamach. Wszystkie z grobów kloszowych złożone były z trzech naczyń – popielnicy, przykrywki oraz klosza. Groby popielnicowe występowały w sąsiedztwie grobów kloszowych i zbiorowych i chowano w nich kości dzieci. Groby jamowe zawierały niewielkie porcje kości. Ich zarysy oraz opisy nie są znane. Wśród materiałów zabytkowych największą grupę stanowi ceramika. Z 34 odkrytych naczyń, 26 ze względu na stan zachowania przyporządkowano do kategorii typologicznych wg klasyfikacji T. Węgrzynowicz. Wyróżniono naczynia następujących typów: A1Ia (Tabl. I/Ob.3:2; II/Ob. 10:1), A1Ib (Tabl. I/Ob. 1:2; II/4; III/4; V/ob. 18/1), A1Ic (Tabl. I/Ob. 2:1), A1IIb (Tabl. III/Ob. 10:6; IV/Ob. 15:3), A1IVc (Tabl. I/Ob.1:1; I/Ob. 3:1; IV/Ob./19:1); A1Vb (Tabl. III/Ob. 10:5; IV/Ob. 19:2; V/Ob. 20:1), A2Ia (Tabl. II/Ob. 10:2,3), A2IIa (Tabl. IV/Ob. 15:5), B1Id (Tabl. I/Ob. 1:3; I/Ob. 3:3; IV/Ob. 15:4), B1IId (Tabl. III/Ob. 10:7; IV/Ob. 15:2; V/Ob. 18:2; V/Ob. 20:2). Naczynia należą do form powszechnie występujących na cmentarzyskach z wczesnej epoki żelaza z Mazowsza i Podlasia. Pod względem zastosowanych technik zdobniczych wyróżniają się dwa naczynia z dość rzadkimi elementami, mającymi odniesienia w mazowieckich i tarnobrzeskich łużyckich polach popielnicowych. Są to przykrawędne dziurki zaobserwowane na kloszu z ob. 1 oraz listwa naklejona w górnej partii brzuśca na naczyniu odkrytym w trakcie nadzoru archeologicznego w 2006 roku. Zabytki metalowe odnotowano w grobach 1, 2, 10 i 18. W 1 i 2 były to grudki brązu i fragment żelaza, pierwotnie stanowiące zapewne drobne ozdoby. W grobie 10 pośród skupiska przepalonych kości pary dorosłych osób znaleziono ich osobiste wyposażenie: żelazną szpilę z łabędzią szyjką i główką zwiniętą w uszko, brązową blaszkę półksiężycowatą oraz szczypce brązowe (Tabl. III:1-3). W grobie 18 wśród szczątek kostnych dziecka znaleziono analogiczną szpilę żelazną – zapewne dar grobowy (Tabl. V/ob. 18:1). Szpile żelazne należą do bardzo powszechnie rejestrowanego typu w pomorsko-kloszowym kręgu kulturowym. Specyficznie uformowanie szyjek (łagodne zagięcia, główka skierowana ku dołowi) reprezentuje najmłodszy typologicznie rodzaj szpil z łabędzimi szyjkami i główkami zwiniętymi w uszko, rozpowszechniony w młodszych omawianej jednostki kulturowej. Tak ukształtowane zabytki rejestruje się na Mazowszu i w Polsce środkowej (Ryc. 13). Obok szpil z haczykowatymi szyjkami, oraz z wolem należą do najmłodszych odmian szpil z główkami rozklepanymi i zwiniętymi w uszko, typowych dla starszego okresu przedrzymskiego (Ryc. 14). Półksiężycowata blaszka żelazna odnajduje jedyne analogie w grobach kultury pomorskiej na terenie Dolnego Śląska. Ich występowanie w grobach kobiecych sugeruje, że były to ozdoby ciała (kolczyki) lub odzieży. Szczypce brązowe cechują się trójkątnymi, wąskimi łopatkami niewyodrębnionymi od kabłąka, wykonanego z sztabki o półkolistym przekroju, uformowanego pętlowato na zgięciu. Formalnie należą do wyróżnionego przez Marka Gedla typu wschodniopomorskiego z wąskimi łopatkami. Okaz z Powsina najwięcej analogii odnajduje na terenie Wielkopolski, zaś na terenie Mazowsza i Podlasia znajduje jedynie kilka analogii. Wszystkie analizowane zabytki metalowe nie były czułymi wyznacznikami chronologicznymi. Analiza ich poszczególnych elementów, rozprzestrzenienie, wskazały, że datowane były raczej na starszy okres przedrzymski. Cmentarzysko w Warszawie-Powsinie należało do trzeciej kategorii „mieszanych” obiektów pomorsko-kloszowych. Z analizy rozplanowania cmentarzyska wynika, że jednym pierwszych obiektem na nekropolii był oznaczony nr 10, wokół którego dołożone zostały dalsze groby. Inwentarz obiektu, zwłaszcza żelazne szpile z łabędzimi szyjkami oraz półksiężycowata blaszka brązowa, mające analogie na innych cmentarzyskach młodszych faz pomorsko-kloszowego kręgu kulturowego, dowodzą, że obiekt założony został zapewne już w starszym okresie przedrzymskim. Najmłodszą pozycję mógł mieć obiekt 15, które inwentarz tworzyły formy ceramiczne, typowe dla najmłodszej fazy cmentarzysk kloszowych Mazowsza i Podlasia. Nekropola w Warszawie-Powsinie użytkowana było przez niewielką grupę ludności, wykazującej w materiale i obrządku tradycje typowe dla trzech stref kulturowych: „miejscowej” mazowiecko-podlaskiej kultury grobów kloszowych, kultury pomorskiej oraz odniesień ze wschodnich terytoriów łużyckich pól popielnicowych. Cmentarzysko posiadało najwięcej wspólnych cech z „mieszanymi” cmentarzyskami w Dziecinowie oraz Warszawie-Grochowie „ul. Górników”, może być świadectwem, że funkcjonowała w tym samym czasie, co wyżej wymienione cmentarzyska. Analiza materiałów i obrządku pogrzebowego wykazała, że cmentarzysko w Warszawie-Powsinie użytkowane było w fazie LTA i początku LTB. Datowanie względne materiałów zweryfikowano datą 14C (544-397 BC), wykonaną dla próbki kości ciałopalnej z obiektu 10, która potwierdziła, że stanowisko funkcjonowało w V w. p. n. e (Ryc. 15).
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