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PL
Artykuł jest próbą rekonstrukcji biografii autorki aktu ostatniej woli – Marianny z Bremerów Ossolińskiej (zm. 1688), chorążyny nurskiej, oraz przedstawienia jej widzenia świata. Rekonstrukcja dokonana na podstawie testamentu i kilku innych rozproszonych i niekompletnych dokumentów (intercyza małżeńska, umowy rodzinne, inwentarze pośmiertne) jest działaniem dość ryzykownym, gdyż opisujemy postać wyłącznie przez pryzmat informacji, które testator sam chce przed nami wyjawić. Możliwość uzupełnienia danych w oparciu o inne źródła poszerza znacznie naszą wiedzę o testatorze, ale nie daje wyczerpujących odpowiedzi. Spisany według barokowej maniery akt ostatniej woli dziedziczki podlaskiego miasteczka Ciechanowca nad Nurcem dostarcza kilku istotnych informacji na temat koneksji rodzinnych Ossolińskich w drugiej połowie XVII wieku. Obszerny i miejscami nawiązujący do barokowej retoryki funeralnej dokument został spisany w Ciechanowcu 17 stycznia 1688 r., prawdopodobnie tuż przed śmiercią testatorki i stanowi ciekawe źródło biograficzne, ale i podstawę do badań nad mentalnością testatorki
EN
The aim of the article is to reconstruct the biography of the author of her last will – Marianna Ossolińska (died in 1688), née Bremer, the Khorunzhyi of Nur, as well as to show her worldview. The reconstruction which is made on the basis of her will and a few other incomplete documents (marriage contract, family documents, posthumous inventory) is a risky activity due to the fact that her character is described only with information which the testatrix herself wanted to reveal. The possibility to expand the data by adding new sources increases our knowledge about the testatrix, but does not give a complete picture. Marianna’s (the heiress of Ciechanowiec - a town in Podlasie by Nurzec) will, written according to the Baroque tradition, provides us with some essential information about family connections of the House of Ossoliński in the second half of the 18th century. The document under consideration, detailed and referring to Baroque funeral rhetoric, was written in Ciechanowiec on January 17 in 1688, probably soon before the testatrix’s death. Not only does it make an interesting biographical source, but also a basis for analyzing the testatrix’s mentality
EN
In the distant past in Poland getting married was accompanied by signing a great deal of necessary documents. These were: marriage contracts, reformatios, waiving by the bride the right to the bride’s parents’ properties (abrenuntiatio), and confirmation of the paid dowry. Among these documents one could also find life contracts, which meant that after the death of his/her spouse, the living spouse can use his/her property until his/her own death. This property could not be sold, exchange or rent unless it was a real property. This life contract became invalid after the user’s death or when a widow/widower decided to marry again. The contract concerned was signed the day or a few weeks after the wedding ceremony. It was a financial protection, especially for women, because it gave, especially widows, financial stability and independence. Such a contract was signed on March 6 1784 by Hieronim Lubartowicz Sanguszko and Anna, née Pruszyńska. Thanks to this document, Anna got from her husband, among others, the town of Sławuta with the nearby villages, livestock form this region, a palace in Sanguszki, and 40 thousand zloty. All this was supposed to be a guarantee for Anna in the case of becoming a widow, and, in accordance with her husband, she could use it until her death. In the distant past in Poland there were childless marriages, too. In such cases the life contract had a different character. A life contract of this character was signed by Stefan Luboński from Luboń, Bracławice cup-bearer of the Crown (died ca. 1739) and Katarzyna, née Gizowska. It was signed in Chęciny on December 30 in 1738
PL
The article analyzes family relations of a fisherman, Krakow burgher Franciszek Maciej Wolski based on the last will found in the collection of the National Archives in Krakow (the Wawel Branch). From the last will, we learn about his family, his two wives with whom he had two children as well numerous details about members of his extended family. The last will expresses a lot of emotions, painstakingly describes emotional relations between the deceased and the members of his closet family as well as the kinsmen. Information about feelings frequently appers in testaments. however, it should be pointed out that difficulties with researching the family life of testators arise as the last will might present a malformed picture of the past reality. It obliges researches to verify, as it is possible, the information contained in the last will. Doubtlessly, the last will of Franciszek Maciej Wolski is an interesting source meticulously presentss the structure of his family and relations between its members.
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2014
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vol. 13
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issue 2
EN
W niniejszym artykule zajmuję się kwestią związku między statusem mniejszościowym zbiorowości niewierzącycha stopniem materializacji kultury tej grupy. Stawiam tezę, że wynikające z takiego statusu procesydyskryminacji i stygmatyzacji dotyczące przedstawicieli mniejszości powodują brak manifestowania kulturymniejszościowej za pomocą materialnych nośników znaczeń. Pokazuję, jak proces ten zachodził w odniesieniudo kultur niereligijnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kontekstu polskiego. Pokazuję też zmiany,które dokonują się w tym zakresie w XXI wieku. Od kilku lat w świecie Zachodu, w tym również w Polsce,zauważyć można bowiem silnie postępujący proces materializacji kultury niereligijnej. Szczegółowo analizujęprzyczyny i przejawy tego procesu.
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EN
The paper is an attempt to describe systematically expressive historical and cultural contents the carriers of which are compounds referring to handicraft. The author took into account only these idiomatic expressions and proverbs that include components in a form of either a name of a craft profession or an adjective derived from the name. The need of comprehensive description of well fixed compounds that come from handicrafts as against recessiveness of a considerable part of them in modern Polish language was also indicated.
PL
Ostatnie lata w polskiej historiografii przyniosly ogromne zainteresowanie testamentami i inwentarzami pośmiertnymi. Te pierwsze są znakomitym źródłem do studiów nad życiem społeczeństwa w dawnych wiekach. Przede wszystkim przybliżają obraz mentalnosci i religijności. Pomagają w odtworzenie powiązań rodzinnych testatora oraz jego działalności gospodarczej. inwentarze pośmiertne umożliwiają ntomiast poznanie kultury materialnej i umysłowej. Ułatwiają rekonstrukcję stanu majątkowego danej osoby, a tkże budują obraz gospodarczy badanej epoki. Przedmiotem publikacji są dwa testamenty i inwentarz Jadwigi i Marcina Mitkiewiczów, którzy zajmowali się rzemiosłem piekarskim w XVIII - wiecznym Krakowie
EN
The subject matter of this article are two wills and inventory of Jadwiga and Marcin MItkiewicz, who were the representatives of baker's trade of the 18th century Kraków. On the backdrop of other contemporaneous bakers the Mitkiewicz family stood out in term of accrued wealth. According to the inventory its value was estimated to the sum of more than 10000 zlotys. Owing to these documents stored in the State Archives in Kraków it was possible to give more insight into the previously unknown hostory of many tradesman families from Kraków
Onomastica
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2017
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vol. 61
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issue 1
153-169
EN
This paper discusses selected types of native, appellative-form surnames of the inhabitants of 19th-century Cieszyn Silesia and its surrounding areas. Such appellative-form surnames (without derivative indicators) reflect the regional culture and values characteristic to, and cultivated by, the inhabitants of the region. An overview of them confirms that Cieszyn Silesia, as an ethnic-cultural borderland, stands out with its sub-regional distinctness in onymic stock. The described surnames not only reflect the values acknowledged by the inhabitants of 19th-century Cieszyn Silesia, showing the immanence of this set in the regional context, but they also depict the material and spiritual culture of the inhabitants of this region. The researcher used the semantic field method to analyse the anthroponymic material, and the sociolinguistic aspect of naming was considered when describing the collected set of appellative-based surnames, with references made to statistical research.
EN
The paper discusses the potential of objects, broadly understood luxury ‘items’ and necessities, in order to present uneven and combined development as the foundation of the social history of international relations. The author evidences that this approach to ‘objects’ allows us to achieve, at the very least, the following: (1) to observe the single social world which emerges after the division into ‘internal’ and ‘international’ is rejected; (2) to ‘touch’ the international outside the realm that the science of international relations usually associates with international politics; (3) to examine the social history of international relations, abandoning the approach that dominates in traditional historiography where production processes are privileged over consumption processes; (4) to demonstrate how human activities create internationalism. Discussing apparently different processes related to the international life of broadly understood ‘objects’, such as African giraffes, Kashmiri shawls, silk, the importance of English items for the inhabitants of Mutsamudu, or the opera Madame Butterfly the author identifies similar patterns which, although sometimes concealed, demonstrate the consequences of uneven and combined development for the social history of international relations. Prestige goods express affluence, success and power. They are usually objects manufactured from imported raw materials or materials, with limited distribution, which require a significant amount of labor or advanced technology to create. In contrast to everyday necessities, owing to their high value, prestige goods are exchanged over long distances through networks established by the elite. The analysis of manufacturing, exchange and social contexts related to prestige goods constitutes a significant source for understanding the social history of international relations. The examples in the paper present control over these goods as a source of political power. The control of raw materials, production and distribution of prestige goods is perceived as key to maintaining hierarchical social systems. Objects are inescapably related to ideas and practices. Uneven and combined development leads to meetings between people and objects, either opening or closing the space, allowing for their transfer and domestication, or rejection and destruction respectively. Concentration on the analyses of objects outside of modernization models or comparisons between civilizations and the conscious narrowing of perspective offers a tool with a heuristic potential which is interesting in the context of international relations. Comparative observation of objects (‘single’ elements of reality) via cultures undergoing uneven and combined development protects us from historiographic western exceptionalism. It also shows that the division between the ‘internal’ and ‘international’ unjustifiably splits the social world and makes it impossible to understand.
EN
Most archaeological sites, which were considered remains of medieval knight`s manor have readable (separated) terrain form. Most frequently they were situated on artificial mounds, placed in boggy areas, often in valleys of small rivers. As can be seen from the query in all kinds of archaeological publications, on the territory of medieval Polish state (conventionally within the reign of Casimir the Great) about 200 mansions that are relics of knight’s abodes ware investigated in varying degrees. The degree of their knowledge is very different. Only about 46% sites being excavated were elaborated and the results were published with different accuracy. Their scientific level is unfortunately very diverse. While the form of the seats are usually described in a very detailed way, the artifacts found during excavations are mostly only mentioned. Most often we do not know from which part of the site they come from. Although they are sometimes discussed in the framework of the excavation, but it is hard to know if they were in the building or in the courtyard, and perhaps in the moat? Paradoxically, most numerous finds – potsherds – are the least described. They are only enumerated, without even trying to identify forms (vase, pot, jag…). Also, in the case of metal objects, they description very often ends up on the development of an accurate list of the every, even the slightest, iron nuggets. Unfortunately, there are too many lists of objects referred to as „undefined”. With the greatest care archaeologists treat all and any findings in the field of armament, but this is the category of monuments which sometimes introduces a lot of confusion in trying the dating of the settlement. The armament usually is considered to be the so-called „a good dating device” and of course, it is true, provided that it date back itself. Sometimes the total opposition raises in a situation where, for example, dating of one found spur, is considered to be more important than dating established on the basis of hundreds found fragments of vessels and stove tiles. Therefore the necessity to use written and iconographic sources in order to reconstruct the whole material culture is widely appreciated. Here it is necessary to work with medievalist and art historians. It is not a simple matter because dealing with material culture is not very popular among the historians. In the final part of the article the development of a model of conical settlement excavations in Siedlątków published by Janina Kamińska in 1968 is discussed. 
PL
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EN
This article is an attempt to answer the question about the current condition of Polish society in the context of reflections on the growth of material culture. The author considers the concept of regress of individual culture. The focus was on verifying of the validity of the theorem on the phenomenon of targeting material values. Attention has been paid to numerous transformations in the social structure, and in particular to the change in the nature of social interactions, weakening of social ties, etc. and the phenomenon of individualization of the society as a direction of accomplishing their own aspirations, ambitions.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o aktualną kondycję społeczeństwa polskiego w kontekście rozważań nad wzrostem kultury materialnej, jaki dostrzegł Georg Simmel. Pod rozwagę wzięto koncepcję regresu kultury indywidualnej. Poszukując wyznaczników współczesnego stylu życia, oparto się na analizie danych zastanych, a także dotychczasowych ustaleń naukowo-badawczych. Zwrócono uwagę na liczne przeobrażenia w strukturze społecznej, a w szczególności na zmianę charakteru interakcji społecznych i osłabienie więzi w społeczeństwach. Ponadto wskazano na zjawisko zindywidualizowania społeczeństwa jako przejawu dążenia do realizacji własnych aspiracji.
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Iwan Bunin a kultura ludowa

51%
PL
Wbrew powszechnemu przekonaniu, niepozbawionemu wprawdzie racji, o czym świadczą niektóre utwory Bunina i jego egodokumenty, nie ukazywał on chłopów wyłącznie jako zacofanej, pozbawionej cnot moralnych warstwy społecznej, a także nie opierał fabuły utworow tylko na wspomnieniach o przeszłości. W swoich utworach prozaik poruszał aktualne problemy, a także ukazywał rożne elementy kultury ludowej tak duchowej, jak i materialnej.
EN
Contrary to popular belief, which is not deprived of truth as evidenced in some of Bunin’s works and his egodocuments, he did not not present peasants as a backward, devoid of moral virtues social class, and he did not predicate works’ plots on the memories of the past. In his works Bunin touched upon current problems and pointed put the diff erent elements of folk culture both spiritual and material.
EN
The article presents a discovery of ceramic floor tiles which constitute the interior equipment of a post-medieval burgher townhouse. The artefacts were obtained during archaeological and architectural research carried out on a town plot near the market square in Bydgoszcz. The collection includes polygonal (hexagonal and octagonal) tiles made of ceramic mass as well as glazed and unglazed square tiles. Especially stands out the 17th-century specimen decorated with Moresque. Originally, the tiles were used to decorate a house belonging to the illustrious Łochowski family from Bydgoszcz.
PL
Autor artykułu próbuje zdefiniować określenie „dziedzictwo cywilizacyjne” oraz przywołuje obecne w nauce interpretacje pojęcia „archeologia industrialna”. Omawia genezę archeologii industrialnej, jej zakres i usytuowanie jako odrębnej subdyscypliny. Zwraca uwagę, że badania z zakresu archeologii industrialnej odróżnia od tradycyjnie uprawianej historii gospodarczej oraz historii techniki szerokie wykorzystanie źródeł materialnych pozyskiwanych w oparciu o typowe dla klasycznej archeologii badania terenowe. W artykule jest także mowa o coraz większej roli archeologii industrialnej w postrzeganiu dziedzictwa cywilizacyjnego, kształtowaniu tożsamości lokalnej i pamięci historycznej, jak również o jej znaczeniu w ochronie zabytków związanych z cywilizacyjną aktywnością społeczeństw.
EN
The author of this article attempts to define the expression “civilizational heritage” and refers to the interpretations of the concept of “industrial archaeology” which are present in science. He discusses the genesis of industrial archaeology, its scope and position as a separate subdiscipline. He notes that research on industrial archaeology differs from the traditionally practised economic history and history of technology in the extensive use of tangible resources obtained as part of field research, which is typical for classic archaeology. The article also discusses the increasing role of industrial archaeology in the perception of civilizational heritage, formation of local identity and historical memory, as well as the significance thereof for the protection of monuments connected with civilizational activity of societies.
EN
The paper is an attempt at a synthetic presentation of one research area in phraseology and paremiology, namely the evidence of old material culture preserved in fixed multi-word units. The author considers previous achievements in this field and indicates the options for completing new tasks connected with collecting, describing and analyzing multverbisms motivated by material culture realia, and with an attempt at popularizing scientific reflection on this topic.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę tzw. trudnego dziedzictwa z perspektywy koncepcji teoretycznej określanej w literaturze mianem biografii rzeczy. W pierwszej części tekstu omawiam polskie badania w ramach archeologii współczesności nad trudnym dziedzictwem. Następnie szkicuję bliżej założenia biograficznego podejścia do badania relacji między ludźmi, rzeczami i miejscami. Ostatnia część pracy to studium przypadku, w którym krótko prezentuję biografie trzech przedmiotów pochodzących z terenu pierwszowojennego obozu jenieckiego w Czersku – obiektu niewątpliwie będącego przykładem trudnego dziedzictwa. Celem pracy jest próba prezentacji tezy mówiącej, że archeologie współczesności nie mogą być sprowadzane jedynie do archeologii martyrologii i że kultura materialna z niedawnej przeszłości pozwala na szkicowanie różnego rodzaju narracji związanych z trudnym dziedzictwem.
EN
This paper discusses the concept of difficult/dark heritage from a theoretical perspective known as the biography of things. First, I analyse Polish archaeological research on difficult/dark heritage. Second, I describe in greater detail the biography of things as a tool for studying relationships between people, things and places. The last part of the paper is a case study presenting the biographies of three objects found in the grounds of a prisoner-of-war camp in Czersk. I aim to prove the following theses: 1) archaeologies of the recent past cannot be understood simply as the archaeology of martyrdom; 2) material culture from the recent past allows us to create different kinds of narratives connected with dark heritage.
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