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Vlastní jména a jejich (historická) sémantika

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Acta onomastica
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2011
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vol. 52
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issue 1
15-30
EN
The text is focused on proper names and their historical semantics as illustrated by the journalistic texts collected in the Czech National Corpus (Totalita – corpora of written texts of the Communist era, SYN – synchronic written corpora). Our research showed proper names can be regarded as key words typical for a text created in a particular period. The problem of place names as proper names with mostly orientative function or proper names with primarily symbolic value are researched with their collocations via t-score method (a quantitative test). The place names are presenting themselves as mostly orientation and localization language elements. Their figuratively usage as metaphor and metonymy is appearing rarely; however, this is typical of place names with an ideologically and contemporary important value only.
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XX
The article deals with particles, usually considered to be a residual part of speech, and strives to come to some general conclusions on occurrence and frequency of particles as well as their function in common spoken language. The basic source is the reference Prague Spoken Corpus (PSC) which is a part of the Czech National Corpus. The fact that particles are after verbs and pronouns the third most frequent word in spoken Czech appears for the first time in the Frequency Dictionary of Spoken Czech based on the PSC. This finding demands new tasks on linguists, especially more detailed description of this so frequently used part of speech, which hasn’t been so far thoroughly analyzed on the basis of true authentic data. PSC provides the unique possibility to describe functions and the meaning of particles in the direct authentic context and usage, where they naturally appear. Large contextual scope is the decisive criterion for their identification. Description of particles requires a practical approach and by analyzing their real occurrence and co-occurrence one can prove, deny or change all theoretical premises. What we haven’t found in the corpus is also a positive knowledge — the prove that in the corpus with a size of almost three quarter million tokens a particular word didn’t appear. The article presents all types of particles which appear in the corpus and provides both its quantitative analyses dealing with original particles as well as with those homonymous with other parts of speech. It also deals with the existing processing of particles in various linguistic manuals.
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This article deals with the notion of collocation graphs and lexical networks, which not only represent the visualization of the collocational relationship between linguistic units — these have been traditionally displayed in a tabular form with frequency distributions and association measure values — but also an important analytical method in its own right. We illustrate the use of collocation graphs and networks with two case studies as examples demonstrating the use of this technique in lexicography and discourse analysis. The examples are based on both English and Czech corpora, which we analysed using #LancsBox, a free tool which can build collocation graphs and networks on the fly.
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