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EN
The focal issue of the paper is to analyze the phenomenon of lacunarity on the example of the Polish unit Matka Polka (lit. Polish Mother) and its bilingual lexicographic description. The unit is well grounded in the Polish culture: the myth of Polish Mother whose duty is to educate children to be patriots and, if necessary, to die for their country, developed during the partitions of Poland. This image has undergone changes during the socialist period as well as in the times after the nineties transformation. As a result the unit gained new semantic and stylistic overtones. The lexicographic description of the unit in Polish dictionaries is discussed and confronted with the results of questionnaire research done to determine the definition among native Polish speakers. The respondents (89 Polish students of Polish and English philologies) were asked to explain the meaning of the unit, use it in three sentences as well as indicate and discuss its linguistic (positive, neutral, negative) and cultural connotations. On the basis of the linguo-cultural analysis has been proposed a definition that encompasses not only the meaning given in Polish lexicographic sources, but also the one given by the respondents. The cultural component was also included, so that the prospective user could decode and use the unit properly in various contexts.
EN
The paper discusses the phenomenon of labelling in a translational perspective. The label, defined as a unit whose connotations dominate over its meaning proper, is presented as a linguocultural phenomenon which occurs in the process of communication. Two kinds of equivalence, i.e. systematic and translational, are characterized. The stages of the process of translation of labels are analysed. Attention is also paid to the techniques, which can be applied in the process of translation of a label. The theoretical part is followed with the case study of the word wykształciuchy (‘pseudointellectuals’), in which the excerpts from selected Polish texts containing labels are analysed from the viewpoint of their translation into English.
EN
The article deals with the issue of gaps in phraseological units in the Bulgarian and Polish languages. Different views on the types and degrees of interlinguistic equivalence in phraseology are commented on. It is emphasized that the presence or absence of interlingual equivalence in phraseological units should be determined through semantic analysis. Rich illustrative material, including idioms, stable comparisons and other types of set phrases, were examined.
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę lakunarności jednostek frazeologicznych w języku bułgarskim i polskim. W tekście przedstawione są różne poglądy na temat typów i stopni ekwiwalencji międzyjęzykowej we frazeologii. Autorzy podkreślają, że obecność lub brak ekwiwalencji międzyjęzykowej w jednostkach frazeologicznych powinny być ustalane na podstawie semantyki. Badanie zostało przeprowadzone na obszernym materiale ilustracyjnym, obejmującym idiomy, utrwalone porównania i inne typy jednostek frazeologicznych.
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