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PL
Intensive migration of recent years is gradually transforming Polish schools into multicultural ones. This article presents and analyses the social and organizational consequences of new legal regulations on the residence and education of pupils with migratory experience who have insufficient knowledge of Polish to take advantage of education in Polish schools. It draws attention to the need for schools to make organizational adjustments, including the development of new curricular content and the necessity of training school employees in new (meta)competencies. These include intercultural and communicative competencies, with special regard to techniques for working with pupils that do not speak Polish (or speak it poorly) in class, and which support subject learning in Polish. The framework for discussion is the concept of inclusive schools that take into account this new type of pupil in Polish schools, as well as the need to equip teachers with new competencies and prepare the learning environment.
EN
Reflection is understood as an activity which enables the reproduction of past experiences, reflection and meditation about them and their evaluation. One of the most significant features shaping learner reflection may be willingness to communicate in a foreign language – one’s volitional readiness to enter a communicative event in this language. In spite of a wealth of research conducted in this area, it is still unclear why some students are willing to start communication in a foreign language, while others are adamant to avoid it. For the purpose of this paper a qualitative-quantitative study was performed, focusing on four students with very low levels of willingness to communicate in English, and four with very high levels. The research results demonstrate that high willingness is connected with feelings of safety, a tendency to achieve high proficiency and learning satisfaction. On the other hand, low willingness to communicate in English coexists with feelings of threat and unavoidable necessity to surrender to the demands of the educational system.
EN
Ukraine with a powerful intellectual resource, with high pedagogical potential remains one of the leading countries in the European educational space. High quality and availability of education in Ukraine creates is quite a broad market of educational services. There is an opportunity to provide educational services not only to its citizens but also citizens of foreign countries. Education of foreign students is one of the strategic factors of development of society in the field of educational services. Experience education of foreign students in Ukraine revealed the problems associated with learning in a foreign language environment. Differences in the system of the school education in foreign countries lead to the different educational experience and level of training. Therefore, for each solution of professional tasks in the field of study of discipline should have its own specifics. The level of education and training creates a barrier to quality education, despite the hidden potential of most students. Learning difficulties experienced by the students in foreign countries, require a detailed study of the theory and the technology of education of foreign students. It should have correct substantive, methodological and organizational components of the discipline. The article is dedicated to the question of improvement of quality of fundamental education of foreign students at the technical university. The modern interpretation of visualization in mathematics education as reliance on sensual perception of the information can give the maximum effect in the preparation of foreign students. In the condition of bad language of education, support to the emotional perception of the information increases the efficiency of education of foreign students. Based on the experience of teaching of higher mathematics to foreign students at the technical university, the author characterizes the principle of visibility as the paramount didactic principle of the preparation of foreign students. In principle of visibility the author sees hidden reserve to improve the quality of the classical mathematical preparation of foreign students. The capability of the principle of visibility is to disclose at the optimum combination of visual information with its subsequent discussion.
PL
Artykuł analizuje powieść Colma Tóibína Południe jako zapis wewnętrznej przemiany bohaterki, wywołanej kontaktem z obcą kulturą. Wyjazd z Irlandii jest dla Katherine Proctor przede wszystkim ucieczką od rodzinnej i narodowej historii, ale osiedlenie się w Hiszpanii nie prowadzi do pełnej asymilacji w nowym środowisku. Artykuł podkreśla, że do poczucia wyobcowania w istotnym stopniu przyczynia się początkowa nieznajomość języka; nawet jednak po opanowaniu hiszpańskiego (a później także katalońskiego) w stopniu komunikacyjnym przeszkodą w porozumiewaniu się pozostaje brak zrozumienia kontekstu kulturowego. Stopniowe odkrywanie pewnych zbieżności w historii Hiszpanii i Irlandii pozwala natomiast bohaterce na lepsze zrozumienie własnego kraju i akceptację swej irlandzkiej tożsamości.
EN
This article analyses Colm Tóibín’s novel South as an account of the heroine’s inner transformation, prompted by her contact with an alien culture. Katherine Proctor’s departure from Ireland is primarily an escape from familial and national history, but settlement in Spain does not lead to full assimilation in a new environment. The article stresses that Katherine’s sense of alienation is compounded by her initial ignorance of the language; however, even after she acquires a working knowledge of Spanish (and later also Catalan), her lack of knowledge about the cultural context in which the language functions continues to impede communication. On the other hand, the heroine’s gradual discovery of certain convergences between Spanish and Irish histories enables her to understand her own country better and to come to terms with her Irishness.
ES
El artículo analiza la novela de Colm Tóibín Sur desde el punto de vista de la escritura de la metamórfosis interna de la protagonista que se produce en el contacto que ella tiene con una cultura extranjera. La salida de Irlanda, es para ella una huída de su historia familiar y nacional, sin embargo el hecho de establecerse en España no la lleva a una asimilación en un nuevo contexto cultural. El autor subraya que el desconocimiento de la lengua es un factor que provoca el sentimiento de aislamiento. Incluso, después de haber dominado el castellano y luego el catalán, la protagonista no es capaz de comunicar bien porque no entiende el nevo contexto cutural. Solo gracias al descubrimiento paulatino de la historia de España e Irlanda le permite comprender mejor su país y aceptar su identidad irlandesa.
RU
В последние годы чрезвычайно возрос интерес к процессу межкультурной коммуникации, а также к способам достижения эффективности общения. В связи c этим, при обучении иностранному языку актуальным стал вопрос о необходимости обучения иноязычному коммуникативному поведению. Расхождения в нормах и традициях разных народов, особенно в условиях непосредственной межкультурной коммуникации, нередко являются причиной коммуникативного шока, а также культурного шока, которые негативно сказываются на общении. Именно поэтому обучение речевым навыкам должно осуществляться наряду с обучением иноязычному коммуникативному поведению. Углубление знаний о стране и менталитете народа изучаемого языка обеспечивает выработку толерантного отношения к образу жизни иностранцев.
EN
In the last years, the interest in intercultural communication process and ways of obtaining the effectivity of communication has considerably increased. Thus, in the foreign language teaching, the problem of necessity of teaching foreign language behaviour has become up-to-date. Differences in the norms and traditions of different nations, especially in the conditions of direct intercultural communication, are often the reason of communication shock and cultural shock which influence negatively the process of communication. For that reason, the forming of speech should be accomplished simultaneously with teaching foreign language communicative behaviour. Deepening the knowledge about the country and mentality of the nation of the taught language secures forming a tolerant attitude towards a different way of life.
EN
Poland follows an integrative system when it comes to working with foreign pupils: the pupil attends classes without regard to his or her knowledge of Polish. This model is sometimes called inclusive education (inclusion). Knowledge of the language is a significant factor in social inclusion, as without it any contact with the culture and its representatives is only partial or is simply impossible. The lack of a common linguistic code creates a barrier in forming bonds and exchanging information between the native speakers of the language and foreigners who have not learned the language or have done so only partially. Finding techniques and ways to overcome these barriers by supporting language learning and facilitating understanding is crucial for the inclusion process. It is necessary to prepare teachers for working with pupils with limited or non-existent Polish skills. In Polish schools, the foreign pupil can count on modified requirements and individualized instruction, yet the goal of this is to allow the pupil to achieve autonomy in acquiring and presenting knowledge, as well as in communication with peers and others in both formal and informal situations. The teacher is the key to success here: when prepared, he or she is more comfortable, performs better and can take pride in his or her pupil’s progress. This paper presents and discusses some proposed techniques for working with students with language barriers during subject lessons in Polish schools.
PL
W Polsce obowiązuje system integracyjny: uczeń cudzoziemski uczestniczy w zajęciach szkolnych niezależnie od znajomości polskiego. Ten model nazywany bywa edukacją włączającą (inkluzywną). Warunkiem inkluzji społecznej jest w znacznym stopniu znajomość języka, bez której kontakt z kulturą i jej reprezentantami jest niepełny albo wręcz niemożliwy. Brak wspólnego kodu językowego stanowi barierę, która uniemożliwia wytworzenie więzi i wymianę informacji między rodzimymi użytkownikami języka polskiego a cudzoziemcami, którzy jeszcze tego języka nie opanowali, lub opanowali w stopniu niewystarczającym. Z punktu widzenia procesu inkluzji ważne będzie znalezienie technik i sposobów pokonujących te bariery, wspierających uczenie się języka i prowadzących do porozumienia. przygotowanie nauczyciela do pracy z uczniem nieznającym języka polskiego lub znającym język słabo jest koniecznością. Uczeń cudzoziemski w szkole polskiej może liczyć na dostosowanie wymagań i indywidualizację procesu nauczania, jednak jego celem jest uzyskanie autonomii w zakresie zdobywania wiedzy i prezentowania jej, komunikacji z rówieśnikami i innymi osobami tak w sytuacjach formalnych, jak i nieformalnych. Kluczem do sukcesu jest nauczyciel – przygotowany czuje się lepiej, działa sprawniej i może cieszyć się postępami swojego ucznia. Artykuł przedstawia i omawia propozycje technik pracy z uczniem z barierą językową na zajęciach przedmiotowych w szkole polskiej.
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