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Performative Utterances: Seven Puzzles

100%
Harnish R.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
|
2007
|
vol. 3
|
issue -1
3-21
EN
It was John Austin who introduced the word "performative" (which he called "a new and ugly word") into the philosophy of language and linguistics. His original idea was that there are utterances which are more correctly characterized as doing something rather than stating something. Austin wrote: "when I say ‘I do’ (sc. take this woman to be my lawful wedded wife), I am not reporting on a marriage, I am indulging in it." As is well known, Austin went on to work out this notion of a performative utterance (and of a performative expression) in a number of directions, but in the end the attempt to isolate performatives (doings) from constatives (true or false) failed dramatically, and the idea of viewing language use in terms of the performative-constative dichotomy gave way to the study of speech acts: "The total speech act in the total speech situation is the only actual phenomena which, in the last resort, we are engaged in elucidating." But giving up the performative-constative distinction does not mean giving up theorizing about performatives, and there is a cottage industry in the theory of language devoted to them. We identify seven puzzles for theorizing about performatives. We consider how Austin might have dealt with some of them. Finding his answers problematic, we then survey recent theories of performatives and zoom in on the major contenders, identifying one theory in particular for scrutiny and seeing how it fares with the seven puzzles. The upshot is that there is still work to be done understanding performatives.
2
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The Interactive Method for Language Science and Some Salient Results

72%
Włodarczyk H., Włodarczyk A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2022
|
vol. 55
|
issue 3
73-92
EN
The use of information technology in linguistic research gave rise in the 1950s to what is known as Natural Language Processing, but that framework was created without paying due attention to the need for logical reconstruction of linguistic concepts which were borrowed directly from barely (or even not at all) formalised structural linguistics. The Computer-aided Acquisition of Semantic Knowledge project (CASK) based on the Knowledge Discovery in Databases technology (KDD) enabled us to interact with computers while gathering and improving our knowledge about languages. Thus, with the help of data mining tools, as a result of revisiting two sorts of generally admitted linguistic theories (the Predicate Argument Structure theory and Information Structure theory), we succeeded in improving these local linguistic approaches by proposing to unify the Associative Semantics (AS) theory (in which we introduced the concept of ortho-information) with the Meta-Informative Centering (MIC) theory (in which we described the meta-informative layer of natural languages). The resulting Distributed Grammar (DG) program (sketched out in this paper) treats, in addition to the above types of information, the third one, para-information (concerning identity and alikeness with respect to context and language ontology) which – despite many studies – had no uniform theoretical background in general linguistics. This DG program aims to lay the foundations for creating the theoretical background of Conceptual Linguistics.  
3
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Kilka uwag o opisie autotematycznym (i nie tylko). Wiersz (Trackless) Andrzeja Sosnowskiego w perspektywie filozofii języka

61%
Waligóra A.
Forum Poetyki
|
2020
|
issue 20
62-73
EN
The paper attempts at interpreting the famous poem Wiersz (Trackless) by Andrzej Sosnowski based on some theses of language philosophers (Fregge, Searle, Russel). The notions of a trace and trope extracted from the poem serve as the basis for interpteting the phenomenon of mise en abyme (which, as is suggested, has a trope-like structure). Issues such as a trope, trace, mise en abyme, language philosophy, are problematized according to the category of description, which is understood as: 1. The basic way of framing “lack” and “loss”, key terms in Sosnowski’s poetry; 2. A key element of an autothematic poem which – according to Jonathan Culler – consists of the described and describing layers; 3. Fundamental way of cognition, especially in the face of ambiguities related to the category of a name supposed by language philosophy.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą zinterpretowania słynnego Wiersza (Trackless) autorstwa Andrzeja Sosnowskiego na podstawie tez filozofów języka (Frege, Searle, Russell). Wywiedzione z wiersza pojęcia śladu i tropu służą interpretacji zjawiska autotematyzmu (który – jak próbuje wskazać autorka – ma strukturę tropiczną). Wskazane problemy (trop, ślad, autotematyzm, filozofia języka) zostają omówione w świetle kategorii opisu, który ujmowany jest jako: 1) podstawowy sposób ujmowania „braku” i „straty”, pojęć istotnych dla projektu poetyckiego omawianego autora; 2) istotna składowa utworu autotematycznego, który – zgodnie z tezami Jonathana Cullera – dzieli się na warstwę opisywaną i opisującą; 3) fundamentalny sposób poznania, zwłaszcza w obliczu suponowanych przez filozofię języka niejasności wiązanych z kategorią nazwy.
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