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1
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A Few Remarks on the Ransom Paid for Releasing Captives in Selected Early Byzantine Hagiographic Texts

100%
Milewski I.
Studia Ceranea
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2017
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vol. 7
151-159
EN
The article analyzes certain early Byzantine hagiographic texts concerning various forms of brigandage (both maritime and land-based). Two such accounts are studied in detail, one by Gerontius of Jerusalem and another by Theodoret of Cyrus. The instances described unveil the weakness of Roman state structures at the borders of the state as well as in lands harassed by barbarian raids, including piracy. Despite certain flaws (mostly the lack of precision), the accounts under discussion constitute valuable and reliable sources of historical knowledge.
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Konstantynopol nowym Heliopolis? Uwagi do „wizji” epoki konstantyńskiej w książce Rolfa Bergmeiera, Kaiser Konstantin und die wilden Jahre des Christentums. Die Legende vom ersten christlichen Kaiser, Aschaffenburg 2016 (zweite, korrigierte Auflage 2016), ss. 350.

88%
Milewski I.
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
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2019
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issue 19
343-372
EN
This review paper focuses on Rolf Bergmaier’s book, which represents yet  another contribution to the debate on the so-called Constantinian shift, a controversy which has engaged successive generations of historians of early Chris-tianity and late Roman Empire for over 150 years. Thus far, the available sources (texts and artefacts, including inscriptions, engraved gems and coins) enable historians to develop divergent visions of the Constantinian era, de-pending on sympathies and religious persuasion.
3
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Results of a survey conducted in the area of the Jiyeh Marina Resort hotel complex in the 2012 season

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Kowarska Z., Lenarczyk S.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
491-503
EN
In 2012, an initial reconnaissance was conducted of the area north of the Jiyeh (Porphyreon) site. This coastal region is heavily urbanized and progressing building investment is causing the destruction of archaeological remains, which until quite recently were relatively well preserved in places. Subsequent investments involved the expansion of the Jiyeh Marina Resort hotel complex into terrain lying to the north of the Polish excavation area. Earlier construction work connected to the hotel complex was carried out in an area originally occupied by a pottery workshop from the late Hellenistic and early Roman periods, as well as at the site of a Roman– late antique necropolis. Further construction work, conducted without archaeological supervision, revealed more ancient structures which were in all probability connected with wine production.
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Úvodní poznámky k typologii lineární ornamentiky

88%
Kubík V.
Studie o rukopisech (Manuscript Studies)
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2016
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vol. 46
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issue 1
167-303
EN
This paper focuses on the development of various types of drawn linear ornamentation and the changes in their functions in the manuscripts of late antiquity, Byzantium (to the 15th century) and the Latin West (up to and including the 11th century). This subject is examined in a comparison of the above cultural spheres and within the context of decoration in period applied art (particularly gold and textile work) and monumental painting and sculpture associated with architecture. The basics are also outlined for a study of the linear decoration of gothic manuscripts, which will be covered in another paper.
5
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Ceny niewolników w „Historia Lausiaca” autorstwa Palladiusza z Helenopolis

87%
Milewski I.
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
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2018
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issue 18
9-26
EN
The paper analyses the reports regarding slave prices which may be found in “Historia Lausiaca” written by Palladius, bishop of Bithynian Helenopolis. Two accounts concerning the prices of slaves were analyzed in detail. The figures provided by the antique author show a substantial spread, as prices vary from 3 (in Italy at the beginning of the fifth century) to 20 solidii per slave in a certain Egyptian city (probably in Alexandria) in the mid-fourth century. The author, comparing the data with other late antique accounts, attempts to establish the probative value of Palladius’s account on the slave prices in the early fifth century, and thus assess the usefulness of hagiographic literature in studies on late Roman and early Byzantine economy.
PL
The paper draws on the accounts by Palladius, bishop of Bithynian Helenopolis, to gather insights into slave prices. The figures contained in the source vary to a great extent (from 3 to 20 solidii for a slave). The author verifies the information against other late antique and early Byzantine accounts regarding slave prices.  
6
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Trade and faith in Nubian Early Makuria (AD 450–550): macroscopic examination of personal adornments from el-Zuma in Nubia

75%
Then-Obłuska J.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2016
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vol. 25
741-760
EN
In the long history of the land between the Third and Fourth Cataracts on the Nile, the period corresponding to the times of Early Makuria is particularly well represented. The el-Zuma tumuli cemetery has been dated to the Early Makuria Phase II (AD 450–550). Although the graves were heavily robbed, the remains of personal adornments (beads, pendants, rings, and an earring) give a broad overview of materials (marine mollusk shell, coral, ostrich eggshell, stone, metal, faience, glass) and techniques applied in their production. A comparative synopsis of contemporary Nubian adornments shows parallels for the objects from el-Zuma. Moreover, the provenance of the materials and manufacturing techniques suggests el-Zuma’s involvement in regional and longdistance exchange during this period. Finally, the presence of a Christian symbol and imported beads in the el-Zuma tumuli is meaningful in itself.
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Mosaics from Jiyeh/Porphyreon in Lebanon: the universality of mosaic art in late antiquity

75%
Pawlikowska-Gwiazda A.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2019
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vol. 28(2)
411-432
EN
In the Byzantine period mosaic floors became an essential element of interior decoration, in domestic as well as sacral spaces. Mosaic patterns spread all over the Mediterranean basin, even to the less significant settlements. Ancient Porphyreon (modern Jiyeh in Lebanon), a Levantine coastal village on the ancient ViaMaris was no exception. Recent excavations by a Polish–Lebanese archaeological project confirmed the presence of mosaic floors, mainly in the Domestic Quarter. Technological analyses coupled with a study of the decoration and iconographical motifs have shed light on mosaic craftsmanship in Jiyeh. The mosaics from the Domestic Quarter in Jiyeh are discussed in comparison with well-known examples from nearby sites.
8
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Catechumens in the East in the Light of Pseudo-epigraphic Normative Church Sources from the 4th Century

75%
Hołasek A. R.
Studia Ceranea
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2018
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vol. 8
139-151
EN
The article discusses the requirements that 4th-century catechumens in the East were expected to meet. Accordingly, the pseudo-epigraphic Church regulations found in the Canons of Hippolitus and in the Apostolic Constitutions are analysed. It can be seen from these texts that their authors showed considerable concern for maintaining high standards associated with the period of the catechumenate; furthermore, they put considerable emphasis on the adherence to the Church regulations and the implementation of Christian standards of thought in daily life.
9
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Alexandria: Excavations and preservation work on Kom el-Dikka, seasons 2012 and 2013

75%
Majcherek G.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
29-61
EN
Archaeological research in the 2012 and 2013 seasons was focused on excavations in area U in the northwestern part of the site of Kom el-Dikka in Alexandria. Previously discovered structures of early Roman age continued to be explored. A large forica and other buildings have been found to follow an unusual, strictly geographical orientation, the reason for which has yet to be ascertained. A large group of burials belonging to three successive phases of the early Islamic cemetery (8th–12th century AD) was excavated in the same area. Additional testing in already cleared auditoria T, U and B as well as next to auditorium H helped to verify issues of stratigraphy and chronology of the academic complex to which these auditoria belonged. Preservation work focused mainly on an overhaul of the mosaic shelter (Villa of the Birds), including treatment of mosaic floors. Equally important tasks were the conservation of remains of domestic architecture in area W1N, restoration of a well in the cistern (area L), and finally preservation of auditorium RS.
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Beads and pendants from the Hellenistic to early Byzantine Red Sea port of Berenike, Egypt. Season 2014 and 2015

63%
Then-Obłuska J.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2018
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vol. 27(1)
203-234
EN
Almost 650 beads and pendants, most of them of glass and faience, were excavated over two seasons in 2014 and 2015 at Berenike on the Red Sea coast of Egypt. This material, coming from 19 trenches variously located within the Hellenistic to early Byzantine site, has contributed some new data, enhancing the Berenike bead typology. Highlights included a Bes pendant of glass from a Hellenistic context and early Roman mosaic glass beads with face patterns. Other materials of which the ornaments were made included marine mollusk shells, ostrich eggshell, and a variety of stone and minerals. Of greatest interest were beads coming from early Roman graves, of an older man (the order of the threaded beads could be traced) and of animals (neck collars). Beads threaded on fragments of string, most probably of Indo-Pacific make, came from the early Roman rubbish dump.
11
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Attila the Hun and the Failure of the Divide et impera Roman Policy

63%
Mestek O.
Prague Papers on the History of International Relations
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2022
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issue 1
43-62
EN
Throughout the whole existence of their Empire, the Romans used the divide et impera polity against the European barbarians. The Romans tried to prevent the establishment of larger and more powerful political entities which could endanger them. Simultaneously, they supported rivalry amongst the tribal chieftains and provided the friendly ones with gold and goods. The arrival of the Huns into Europe did not initially bring any change to this international system. Since the 420s the Huns unified their own tribe and created close alliances with other tribes in Middle and Eastern Europe. This alliance had at last the military power to clash with the Romans and disrupt Roman international order across Europe. Because the Hunnic military power was not sufficient, their state was more of a tribal confederacy than a hierarchical and tightly controlled empire. The Hunnic Empire was also a short-termed affair limited to Attila’s life.
12
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Winnica eremity Saby. Uwagi na temat Vita Hilarionis (17, 26-27) autorstwa Hieronima ze Strydonu

63%
Milewski I.
Studia Gdańskie
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2018
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issue 42
79-86
PL
Tekst dotyczy krótkiego passusu w Vita Hilarionis, w którym Hieronim opisuje wizytę bohatera swego dzieła w skupiskach palestyńskich eremitów. Hieronim zestawia dwa skrajne przypadki: mnicha skąpego (którego imię celowo przemilcza) oraz mnicha szczodrego o imieniu Saba, który ugościł przybyszy częstując ich winogronami, owocem pracy całego skupiska mnichów. Hieronim podaje przy tej okazji informacje o możliwym do uzyskania zbiorze winogron. Jednakże dane te, zarówno liczba mnichów uczestniczących w opisywanym zdarzeniu jak też liczby określające szacowaną i rzeczywistą wielkość zbioru, deprecjonują wartość poznawczą przekazu. Hieronim dla ich określenia zastosował wartości topiczne.
EN
The remarks in the text refer to a short passus in the Vita Hilarionis, in which Jerome describes visits of his protagonist to two clusters of Palestinian eremites who owned vineyards. Jerome juxtaposes two extreme instances: a mean monk (whose name he intentionally omits) and a generous monk called Saba, occasionally providing information on the forecasted harvest of grapes. However, the numbers he quotes (both in terms of the number of monks participating in the described event and of the numbers stipulating the estimated and actual size of the harvest) do reduce the cognitive value of the account. Jerome used topical values to define them.
13
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Wczesnobizantyński system podatkowy w świetle wybranych relacji hagiograficznych

63%
Milewski I.
Studia Gdańskie
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2018
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issue 43
87-95
PL
W tekście poddano analizie wybrane relacje dotyczące obciążeń fiskalnych spoczywających na mieszkańcach wschodnich prowincji Cesarstwa Rzymskiego w V i VI wieku. Dwie z nich dotyczą niewypłacalności podatników. W takim przypadku liderzy lokalnych społeczności (w tej roli widzimy cieszących się powszechnym uznaniem eremitów) udawali się nierzadko do stolicy, aby na dworze cesarskim prosić o częściową ulgę, odroczenie terminu płatności lub nawet o całkowite umorzenie podatku. W analizowanych przekazach czytamy o opłatach spoczywających na kolonach oraz o podatku pogłównym obciążającym eremitów i mnichów, w V wieku nadal uznawanych przez ustawodawcę za ludzi świeckich (stąd też brała się niechęć poborców, aby w takich przypadkach przydzielać immunitety podatkowe). Ostatnia analizowana relacja, przekaz Cyryla ze Scythopolis, to opis podróży palestyńskiego mnicha Saby na dwór cesarski w Konstantynopolu celem uzyskania anulowania zobowiązań podatkowych spoczywających na mieszkańcach Palestyny, zrujnowanej wskutek powstania Samarytan (z lat 529-530).
EN
The text contains an analysis of accounts concerning taxation loads laid on the inhabitants of eastern provinces, as found in selected Early Byzantine hagiographic texts. Although the texts have questionable cognitive value and the events written therein may even be fictional (including the cited tax levels), yet they are used in research on Roman economy and society at the end of Antiquity. Two of the analysed accounts (Historia religiosa by Theodoretus of Cyrhus and Apophthegmata Patrum) refer to the insolvency of tax payers. In such cases, the leaders of local communities (we often see famous monks, but hardly ever secular priests, in such roles) would sometimes travel to the capital in order to ask the imperial court for a partial tax relief, for prolongation of the payment deadline or even for a total tax remission. Thus we read in the analysed records about overdue taxes burdening the coloni (tenant farmers) or about the poll tax borne by hermits and monks, who in the 5th century were still considered secular people by the law makers (hence the aversion of local tax collectors to granting them tax immunities). The last record analysed, an account by Cyril of Scythopolis (Vitae monachorum Palaestinae), refers to actions undertaken to annul the tax arrears due from Palestine, which was in ruins at the time as a result of the Samaritan uprising (529-530).
14
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Late antiquity: the twilight of mouldmade lamps

63%
Motsianos I.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2019
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vol. 28(1)
73-87
EN
The article examines clay lamp evolution in late antiquity and explores the probable reasons for the dominance of mouldmade lamps during the first Christian centuries and the possible causes which led to their disappearance at the close of late antiquity.
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Roma capta! – Uwagi na temat relacji o zdobyciu Rzymu w 410 i 455 r. w dziełach wybranych autorów późnoantycznych

63%
Wilczyński M.
Vox Patrum
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2018
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vol. 70
311-338
EN
In the presented article the author analyses depictions of sieges and capturesof Rome in the years 408-410 and 455 passed on by selected authors of Latin andGreek sources from the late antique. The scope of the research included sourcescontaining more extensive narratives, while sources containing only laconicannual information solely about the fact of capturing the city were rejected. Inthe depictions of the capture of Rome by Alaric in 410 the authors rather tendto seek supernatural reasons, and less often logical explanations of the origin ofthe events, contrary to the depictions of the year 455, where one can find almostexclusively rational justifications for the course of events, determined by politicalsituation. While discussing the events of the year 410 the authors oftentimescreate their own original digressions and allow for deviations from the historicreality. The relations about the year 455 are consistent and show only minor differences.Contrary to later opinions, the capture of Rome in 410 was not considereda gigantic tragedy outside Italy, although it was recognized as a breakthroughmoment. For the eastern historians these events are remote, taking place in landsfar from Constantinople and often their depiction is used to indicate the superiorityof the Eastern Empire over the Western Empire. Sacco di Roma by Genseric in455, which is referred more precisely and recognized as an element of significanthistory and politics of the East (Vandals corsair raids, Leo the Thracian’s expedition,recapturing Africa during the reign of Justinian I), is treated in an entirelydifferent manner.
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Royal ornaments of a late antique African kingdom, Early Makuria, Nubia (AD 450–550). Early Makuria Research Project

51%
Then-Obłuska J.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2017
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vol. 26(1)
687-718
EN
After the fall of the Meroe kingdom, three entities – Nobadia, Early Makuria, and Alwa (Alodia) – emerged in northeast Africa between the 4th and the 6th centuries AD. Richly furnished elite cemeteries with tombs of the Nobadian kings are known from Qustul and Ballaña in Lower Nubia (Emery and Kirwan 1938), but until now no royal tombs of Early Makuria have been identified. A comparative analysis of some recently excavated adornments and ornaments from the tumulus cemetery of el-Zuma in Upper Nubia have now enabled the Early Makuria royal tombs (AD 450–550) to be placed there. The assemblages from three large tumuli are dominated by personal adornments (beads, pendants, earrings, chains, crosses, and a ring), royal regalia (cabochons and settings), and other decorated items (metal sheets, an intarsia and ivory gaming pieces). Apart from beads of various materials, like marine mollusk shell, ostrich eggshell, faience and stone, which were made probably in local workshops, the remaining items were imports from the Mediterranean and Sri Lanka/South India (glass beads in the latter case). Moreover, many of the decorated objects and the techniques used to make them find parallels in the elite Nobadian cemeteries of Qustul and Ballaña, hinting at the royal origin of some of the Early Makuria tomb owners at el-Zuma. These parallels induce the thought that there was a single workshop in late antique Nubia producing artifacts for the elite.
17
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How to Become a Monastic Superior? Legal and Mundane Sine Qua Nons

51%
Wojtczak M.
The Journal of Juristic Papyrology
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2021
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issue 51
119-167
EN
The literary portrayal of the charismatic founders of monastic communities, and of their successors, abounds in descriptions of ascetic practices and devotion. However, the hegumenoi also needed to be individuals of the right standing and competence, as it was only such people who could properly represent the communities in relations with both lay and ecclesiastical authorities, secure the obedience of all the brethren, as well as efficiently manage the community and its assets. The nature and the exact procedure of superior’s appointment became increasingly relevant and began to interest both the church and the secular authorities once the monastic movement reached such a magnitude that it could no longer be left without proper institutional surveillance. In parallel, there was a growing awareness among monks themselves of the need to standardise the existing practices and experience. In this article I focus on the legal conditions delimiting the transfer of headship over monastic communities and their reflection in mundane reality. My aim is to see how documents of legal practice relate to the imperial legislation dealing with the appointment of the people in charge of the monasteries. The analysis of the superior selection process will allow for commenting on both the legal framework within which the monastic communities functioned, and the much broader issue of imperial policy towards the emerging holy houses. It should also enable some conclusions on the legal status of monastic communities and how it may have influenced the realities of appointing their administrative and spiritual heads.
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Magic practices against human life and health in late antiquity as reflected in Church legislation

51%
Ożóg M.
Vox Patrum
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2015
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vol. 63
243-252
PL
Zachowania magiczne były od niepamiętnych czasów elementem kultury. Świadectwa w postaci amuletów, różnych narzędzi czy zaklęć systematycznie są odkrywane. Magia przenikając w świat religii, stawała się jej elementem, z cza­sem aż do tego stopnia, że w zależności od okresu historycznego, nie sposób od­różnić jednej od drugiej. W niniejszym artykule zostały poddanie analizie, z per­spektywy ustawodawstwa kościelnego, praktyki magiczne szkodzące zdrowiu i życiu. Oczywiście przepisy prawne mają na celu eliminację błędów i zagrożeń przez co przedstawiają obraz jednostronny nie oddający wszystkich aspektów ży­cia. Niewątpliwie jednak odnoszą się do zagrożeń realnych i przez to poszerzają wiedzę o epoce. W przedstawionym tekście wzięto pod uwagę takie praktyki ma­giczne, które celowo i umyślnie miały szkodzić konkretnym osobom.
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