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EN
This article concentrates on one of two vital aspects of the category of internal sovereignty, namely on the lawgiver. The issue is portrayed with reference to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, in which the bearer of an internal sovereignty has been exposed. Contemporary, this subject should be considered in the context of the competence to regulate entire relations in the state. Moreover particularly significant is the fact that internal sovereignty is precised by the principles of human dignity and common good.
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Mojżesz w historii zbawienia

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EN
Moses is undoubtedly one of the greatest biblical figures. His life and the role he played in the history of ancient Israel are exceptional. The paper is an attempt at a synthetic presentation of Moses' role in the history of salvation. In the first part the author analyzes the description of the birth of Moses and his mission, contained in the Pentateuch. The secondpart focuses on the analysis of the elements that make up the historical value of this figure, and the third part contains the analysis of the theological aspect of parallelism between Moses and Jesus.
DE
Johannes Paul II. war der 264. Bischof von Rom. Sein 26 Jahre und 6 Monate dauerndes Pontifikat war einer der längsten in der Kirchengeschichte. Während des Pontifikats von Johannes Paul II. kam es dank seiner Person zu vielen und mannigfaltigen Veränderungen auf der rechtlichen Ebene in der Kirche. Die in dieser Periode abgeschlossenen Konkordate führten vor allem zum rechtlichen Wandel in den juristischen Systemen der jeweiligen Staaten. Bevor der Verfasser des Artikels auf die gesetzgeberische Tätigkeit von Johannes Paul II. eingeht, behandelt er den Begriff der Universalkirche und die Kompetenzen des Bischofs von Rom. Nachdem Autor die sehr umfangreiche gesetzgeberische Aktivität von Johannes Paul II. analysiert hat, stellt er stellte fest, dass der Papst 14 Enzykliken, 15 apostolische Adhortationen, 11 apostolische Konstitutionen, 45 apostolische Briefe und den im Lichte der Tradition nach der autoritativen Interpretation des Vaticanum secundum bearbeiteten Katechismus der Katholischen Kirche herausgegeben hat. Zusätzlich nominierte er 231 Kardinäle (einen in pectore) und berief 15 Versammlungen der Bischofssynode (7 ordentliche und 8 spezielle). Johannes Paul II. ordnete viele Diözesen neu und schuf andere territoriale, kirchliche Einheiten (insbesondere in Osteuropa). Die Reform des Kirchenrechtskodexes führte er für die lateinische Kirche durch und promulgierte einen neuen Kanonenkodex der Ostkirchen. Er unterschrieb 76 Konkordaten. Kraft seiner Initiative gab er den Organen der Römischen Kurie viele normative Orientierungen. Durch die Analyse der sehr umfangreichen gesetzgebenden Tätigkeit von Johannes Paul II. kommt der Verfasser zu Recht zu der Feststellung, dass dieser Papst einer der großartigsten Gesetzgeber in der Geschichte der Universalkirche gewesen ist.
EN
Important for the scientific and philosophical mode of thought is the issue of circumstances that lead to the emergence of such type of reflection, different from traditional ways of explaining the reality by mythological beliefs. The spiritual search of a philosophising man turned out to be a reflection upon rule, upon the all-governing principle, i.e. both the natural world (cosmos) and the relations between people. This mode of thought evolved when a need and possibility for writing down (setting out) abstract legal norms (nomos) for the sake of certainty and verifiability of judgments arose. It was vital also for the trade and in particular for ownership (civil law), whose value was abstractly expressed in monetary money. These were the crucial factors in the initiation and development of scientific and philosophical (abstract) thought. Other fundamental conditions for the development of science and philosophy included liberty, equality and respect for otherness, as well as the non-orthodox character of beliefs (myths). These were ensured by the civic, cosmopolitan and economically developed polis, particularly the democratic one. Such conditions for the development of science and philosophy have proved to be universal and timeless.
EN
Important for the scientific and philosophical mode of thought is the issue of circumstances that lead to the emergence of such type of reflection, different from traditional ways of explaining the reality by mythological beliefs. The spiritual search of a philosophising man turned out to be a reflection upon rule, upon the all- -governing principle, i.e. both the natural world (cosmos) and the relations between people. This mode of thought evolved when a need and possibility for writing down (setting out) abstract legal norms (nomos) for the sake of certainty and verifiability of judgments arose. It was vital also for the trade and in particular for ownership (civil law), whose value was abstractly expressed in monetary money. These were the crucial factors in the initiation and development of scientific and philosophical (abstract) thought. Other fundamental conditions for the development of science and philosophy included liberty, equality and respect for otherness, as well as the non-orthodox character of beliefs (myths). These were ensured by the civic, cosmopolitan and economically developed polis, particularly the democratic one. Such conditions for the development of science and philosophy have proved to be universal and timeless.
PL
Ważny dla naukowego i filozoficznego sposobu myślenia jest problem okoliczności, które wpłynęły na wykształcenie takiego typu rozważań, różnego od objaśniania rzeczywistości za pomocą mitologicznych wierzeń. Sensem umysłowych poszukiwań człowieka filozofującego okazał się namysł nad regułą, nad kierującą wszystkim zasadą, tj. zarówno światem naturalnym (kosmosem), jak i relacjami między ludźmi. Doszło do tego sposobu myślenia po tym, gdy pojawiła się potrzeba i możliwość spisania (ustanowienia) abstrakcyjnych norm prawa (nomos) dla pewności i sprawdzalności orzecznictwa, dla obrotu gospodarczego, a zwłaszcza dla własności (prawo cywilne), wartość której wyrażono abstrakcyjnie w pieniądzu monetarnym. Były to znaczące okoliczności dla zainicjowania i rozwoju myślenia naukowo-filozoficznego (abstrakcyjnego). Innymi fundamentalnymi warunkami rozwoju nauki i filozofii była wolność, równość i uznanie dla inności, a także nieortodoksyjny charakter wierzeń (mitów). Te zapewniała zaś obywatelska, kosmopolityczna i rozwinięta gospodarczo polis, zwłaszcza demokratyczna. Owe warunki rozwoju nauki i okazały się uniwersalne i ponadczasowe.
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