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EN
Fr. prof. Władysław Piwowarski is known in Poland and abroad primarily as a sociologist of religion. His sociological works are an important component (one would like to say – classic) of the Polish sociology of religion, they have determined and still determine its development. Most of them closed a certain stage in the development of the sociology of religion in Poland and opened a new one. Today it would be difficult to imagine a thorough study of religiosity without taking into account the sociological achievements of Fr. prof. Piwowarski. In this study, we will only focus on selected aspects of his concept of the sociology of religion (sociology of religion as a sociological subdiscipline), religiosity as a subject of sociological research, methodological problems of the sociology of religion). We ignore his scientific achievements in the fields of sociology of morality, social philosophy, Catholic social science and pastoral theology.
FR
The work Daddy #3 (2012) by Italian artist Giulia Andreani, inspired by a photographic archive, represents Heinrich Himmler with his daughter Gudrun. By means of adapting the photographic image into painting, the artist evokes the burden, sometimes heavy to carry, of family legacies. Moreover, Daddy #3 reveals Andreani’s interest in the woman artist figure, and in the issue of artistic heritage. The painting, which provokes one to ponder the political uses of the image of the family, can also be seen as one of the rare works of art representing an emotional relationship between a father and his daughter.
EN
L'Affaire Furtif (2010) by Sylvain Prudhomme and L'Empreinte à Crusoé (2012) by Patrick Chamoiseau invest the ‘robinsonade’ genre with a renewed thought on memory and forgetfulness. These stories have the particularity of enriching the thematic and philosophical treatment of forgetfulness with a literary approach, in the light of the mythical legacy in which they are involved. Forgetfulness constitutes an initiatory threshold, desired in Prudhomme's case or endured in Chamoiseau's, thanks to which the main characters discover or rediscover themselves. Above all, the two stories have a strong specular dimension used to think on the weight of literary legacy in scriptural work.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
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2013
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vol. 23
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issue 2
23-53
EN
The roots of foundations go back to Roman Law, in which they functioned as units without a legal personality. In most cases, foundations had the form of a legacy or donatio sub modo for the benefit of existing persons. The currently-binding legal framework lacks even a general concept of a charitable trust. In fact, no legal system includes a legal definition of a charitable trust. Such a legal status is unacceptable. Does it mean that it is impossible to establish such a trust in practice? A charitable trust cannot be treated only as resulting from the “concept” of property management in accordance with the founder’s will. This concept cannot form the basis for detailed legal opinions. In such a situation, it seems essential to find the basis for its lawful activities and related detailed legal assessment. In this article I am going to attempt to set the direction for discussion and point out the consequences of this interpretation of the subject matter.
PL
W sprzecznych wyobrażeniach o przeszłości bośniacko-osmańskiej, w latach dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku reinterpretowanej pragmatycznie przez pryzmat nacjonalizmu w krajach byłej Jugosławii, najsłynniejsze postacie w historii Bośni zazwyczaj przedstawiane są w bardzo różny sposób. W tym kontekście laureat Nagrody Nobla Ivo Andrić wyróżnia się jako jeden z najczęściej przywoływanych (i krytykowanych) pisarzy bośniackich. Rozpad republiki Jugosławii miał ogromny wpływ na ocenę Andricia i jego dzieł. Do twórczości Andricia rościli sobie prawa przede wszystkim Serbowie, a w mniejszym stopniu także i Chorwaci. Boszniacy natomiast starali się wręcz wymazać pisarza z kart historii, klasyfikując go jako zagorzałego zwolennika orientalizmu.Artykuł przedstawia prezentowany przez Andricia wariant orientalizmu, umiejętnie wkomponowany w jego twórczość literacką, widoczny także w jedynym napisanym przez niego dziele naukowym – pracy doktorskiej zatytułowanej Rozwój życia duchowego Bośni w czasach panowania tureckiego. W artykule znajduje się krótka analiza dyskursywna tej pracy; szczególny nacisk położono na omówienie sposobu, w jaki Andrić prezentował wpływy osmańskie widoczne w życiu społecznym, kulturalnym i politycznym Bośni. Analiza wykazuje, że poglądy Andricia na osmańską spuściznę początkowo ewoluowały jako dialog z orientalizmem habsburskim i austro-węgierskim, a także z ideologią formującego się Królestwa Serbów, Chorwatów i Słoweńców (państwa jugosłowiańskiego). Napisane przez samego Andricia komentarze do pracy doktorskiej sugerują, że nie mamy tu do czynienia ze spójną i niezmienną perspektywą orientalistyczną, a raczej z wysoce wieloznacznym rozumieniem islamu i dziedzictwa osmańskiego. Artykuł ukazuje też, jak poglądy Andricia na osmańskie dziedzictwo są (błędnie) interpretowane w środowisku boszniackich intelektualistów oraz analizuje rolę Andricia w procesie tworzenia świadomości narodowej w powojennej Bośni i Hercegowinie.
EN
Conflicting understandings of the Ottoman and Bosnian past, which has been pragmatically reinterpreted through the nationalising gaze in the 1990s in the former Yugoslav space, tend to encompass different reinterpretations of the most prominent Bosnian (historical) figures. The Nobel Laureate Ivo Andrić stands out as one of the most politically (ab)used writers in Bosnian history. The dissolution of Yugoslavia deeply affected the reception of Andrić and his works. While both Serbs and, to a lesser extent, Croats claimed exclusive ownership of Andrić’s qualities, many Bosniaks made attempts to write him out of history, claiming that Andrić was a strong proponent of orientalism. The article traces a unique Andrić’s brand of orientalism, which is skilfully woven not only into Andrić’s literary works, but is also prominent in his only scientific work, a doctoral dissertation entitled The Development of Spiritual Life in Bosnia Under the Influenceof Turkish Rule. Hence, the article offers a short discursive analysis of Andrić’s dissertation, with special focus on his depiction of Ottoman influence on Bosnian social, cultural, and political life. An analysis indicates the early stages of Andrić’s thinking about the Ottoman legacy, developed in dialogue with the Habsburg or Austro-Hungarian orientalism and ideas of the new or still emerging Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenians (Yugoslav state). Andrić’s reactions to his own dissertation suggest that, we cannot speak of an unchanging and coherent orientalist perspective, but rather of a highly ambivalent understanding of Islam and the Ottoman legacy. Current (mis)understandings of Andrić’s reading of Ottoman legacy among a circle of Bosniak intellectuals are also exposed, with the aim to explore the position of Andrić in the process of nation-building in post-war BH.
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
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2015
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vol. 6
|
issue 1
93-112
EN
The aim of this paper is to discuss some features of the doctrines of the agrapha dogmata in Neoplatonism, starting from the reading of an anecdote, presented in the Anonymous Prolegomena to Platonic Philosophy, in which Plato dreams that close to death he becomes a swan which hunters are unable to catch. In fact, the dream is an explanation of the development of the Platonic tradition, and, more precisely, it presents a story of several exegetical disagreements that have survived till the present day. Compared to modern interpretation of the Aristotelic testimony on the “so-called unwritten doctrines”, we can state that the late antique interpretations of them focus and depend on what Plato has left us in his written dialogues, which are the best living images of his oral dialogues. This conclusion is, then, a consequence of a study carried out on Ancient and Neoplatonic texts that leads to the acknowledgement of a Platonic philosophical system as well as to an overview of modern secondary bibliography produced by the esoteric interpretation of Plato and various views of scholars who are against this account.
EN
The so-called principle of personal character of a testament becomes more and more often raised as an argument by Polish legal scholars. The text provides the first systematic analysis of the principle in Polish law. In order to verify the opinion that such a principle is a norm, two approaches have been used: a theoretical one (based on Dworkin’s and Alexy’s concept of principles and rules) and a practical one (based on concepts developed in the context of an academic analysis of Polish private law). The validity of the principle of personal character of testament is unquestionable in the light of Article 944 § 2 of the Polish Civil Code, which prohibits making and revoking testaments by a representative. There is, however, a wide range of situations with no clear answer concerning the applicability of that principle, and these situations have been analysed in the text. Basically, third party impact on testament content should be considered unacceptable, while such impact on testament effects is admissible. An example of the former might be a special purpose bequest (zapis celowy) instead of a bequest specifying an obligation. On the other hand, an example of an acceptable disposition might be letting a third party choose from among possible objects of a bequest. The latter would not be admissible by naming an heir (however, not because of the principle of personal character of a testament, but because of the regulations concerning the form of a testament), which made the issue controversial among Polish legal scholars (the so-called variant or alternative bequest (zapis wariantowy or zapis alternatywny) has been accepted by the Polish Supreme Court lately). The analysis presented in the text also affirms the admissibility of a third party aid in revoking a testament by destroying it with the intention of revoking (according to Article 946 of the Polish Civil Code). Finally, the principle of personal character of a testament is used in the text to mark the boundaries of the allowed interpretation of a testament. As a result, the analysed principle is accepted as valid (in both theoretical and practical sense of the notion of a principle) in Polish law. It has, however, smaller (than expected by some other authors) impact on the way of interpreting the provisions of Polish inheritance law.
Język Polski
|
2016
|
vol. 96
|
issue 3
5-14
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań jest pytanie o status i miejsce gwary we współczesnej rzeczywistości językowej, społecznej, kulturowej i cywilizacyjnej oraz w przestrzeni globalnej, regionalnej i lokalnej. Czy jest postrzegana jako dziedzictwo językowe i kulturowe, czy jako niepotrzebny balast obciążający, bez elementu dziedzictwa i tożsamości? W artykule zostały przywołane różne stanowiska i postawy wobec gwary: akceptacji, negacji i wyparcia, nieświadomości, ucieczki, dziedzictwa rozmytego i zapomnianego. W konkluzji wskazano na ambiwalentne odbieranie gwary – od akceptacji po całkowitą negację – z położeniem nacisku na dziedzictwo ciągle żywe i trwale wpisujące się w strukturę językową miejsca i regionu.
EN
The article sets out to answer the question regarding the status and place of the local dialect in the linguistic reality of today, in contemporary society, culture and civilization as well as in global, regional and local space. Is it perceived as linguistic and cultural legacy or an undesirable burden with no legacy and identity? The thesis is corroborated by exposing various attitudes towards the local dialect: acceptance, negation and rejection, unawareness, evasion, vague and forgotten legacy. The conclusion to be drawn points to the ambivalent perception of the local dialect, ranging from acceptance to complete negation, with the emphasis on legacy still alive and permanently embedded in the linguistic structure of place and region.
EN
When it was decided in the late summer of 1990 that the Soviet troops would withdraw completely from the recently unified Federal Republic of Germany by the end of 1994, the modalities and logistical details of the withdrawal of people and material soon developed into a heated political issue. The ‘Russians’ and the spaces they had occupied since the end of the Second World War quickly became important topics in the newly unified German society, and their impact during this highly dynamic and confusing period cannot be underestimated. In particular, the German mass media played an immensely important role in the public and symbolic imagination of these perpetual ‘strangers’ and their spaces. In some parts of the media, these spaces were portrayed as requiring an urgent transformation so that they could become ‘German’ again. Via the social images of the post-Soviet military bases, this article discusses the immediate and longterm consequences of attributions and categorizations of the ‘Russian’ past and argues that those contested images also allow insights into the functioning of society’s self-understanding discourses in reunified Germany.
14
63%
EN
Largely based on the correspondence of Anna Frajlich with Artur Daniel Liskowacki, the article gives an account of the key moments and nature of their acquaintance, including their various collaborations.
PL
Artykuł relacjonuje kluczowe momenty i elementy znajomości, okazyjnej współpracy, głównie korespondencyjnej, Anny Frajlich z Arturem Danielem Liskowackim.
EN
In Kazanie o śmierci (A sermon about death), Polish writer and Jesuit preacher Piotr Skarga wrote: reward wrongs, write a last will. Hence, the authors of ars bene moriendi manuals from 16th and 17th centuries were of the opinion that the last will was an indispensable step on the road towards a good death. They argued that the last will enabled the testator to erase the committed wrongs, secure his family and leave his worldly affairs in good order.
EN
One of the most important stages of inheritance proceedings was the inventory of the legacy. When completed, an inventory gave the successors a chance to assess if they were interested in the acquisition of inheritance and to settle testators debts and claims. When an estate was highly indebted relatives had the right to opt out from it. Th is was the case with the inventory of the legacy of Samuel and Katarzyna Zawadzki from 1682. Th eir document is unique as it also contains a detailed list of the amounts spent on the funeral – costs of the ceremony, the wake, and ad pias causae. It is not only an example of source material but also an insight into the spiritual culture of nobility living in Royal Prussia, the more so as such information is not common in other similar inventories from the Middle Ages and the early modern period.
PL
Jednym z najważniejszych etapów postępowania spadkowego stanowiła inwentaryzacja spadku. Gotowy inwentarz pozwalał spadkobiercom na zapoznanie się ze składem masy spadkowej oraz regulację kwestii związanych z wierzytelnościami i długami denata. W przypadku rejestru pośmiertnego małżeństwa Samuela i Katarzyny Zawadzkich z 1682 r. jest to również źródło informujące o poczynionych względem pogrzebu wydatkach. Zawiera on dokładne wyliczenie sum przeznaczonych na organizacje ceremonii, stypę i realizacje pobożnych zapisów jakie, przynajmniej częściowo, znalazły się zapewne w testamencie wdowy. Podobne, szczegółowe informacje spotykane są w inwentarzach szlacheckich tylko sporadycznie. Czyni to rejestr Zawadzkich ciekawym i wartym uwagi nie tylko z punktu widzenia historii, ale z racji funkcji źródła także historii prawa.
Tematy i Konteksty
|
2020
|
vol. 15
|
issue 10
507-521
PL
W czasach II wojny światowej polscy ludzie teatru wzięli aktywny udział w walce zarówno z Niemcami, jak i Związkiem Sowieckim. Wielu z nich walczyłoz bronią w ręku w Kampanii Wrześniowej 1939 r., a potem jako żołnierze Armii Krajowej. Niektórzy służyli w Polskich Siłach Zbrojnych za granicami kraju. Prawie całe środowisko teatralne (z małymi wyjątkami) walczyło natomiast bronią słowa. Bojkotując przedstawienia oficjalnie dozwolone przez okupanta niemieckiego i starając się nie poddać zarządzeniom okupanta sowieckiego, ludzie teatru stworzyli sieć teatru podziemnego na terenie całego kraju. W Warszawie utworzono Tajną Radę Teatralną (Bohdan Korzeniewski, Leon Schiller, Edmund Wierciński i inni), grano tajne przedstawienia i prowadzono tajne studia aktorskie. W Krakowie działały podziemnie: Teatr Rapsodyczny (prowadzony przez Mieczysława Kotlarczyka), Teatr Niezależny (stworzony przez Tadeusza Kantora), oraz środowisko skupione wokół Juliusza Osterwy, który dawał przedstawienia „teatru jednego aktora”, uczyłaktorstwa, prowadził kursy w seminariach duchownych oraz spisał plany powołania dwóch zakonów teatralnych, zwanych „Genezja” i „Dal”. Przedstawienia były również przygotowywane w niemieckich oflagach oraz obozach koncentracyjnych. Stefan Jaracz występował dla współwięźniów w Auschwitz, Zofia Rysiówna w Ravensbrück, Roman Niewiarowicz w Dachau. Podobne, choć rzadsze przedstawienia zanotowano także w sowieckich obozach dla oficerów i w łagrach. Teatry grające dla żołnierzy oraz polskich cywilów powstały w 2 Korpusie gen. Władysława Andersa i innych polskich formacjach wojskowych na Zachodzie, a także przy polskim wojsku pod komendą sowiecką. Straty materialne teatru polskiego spowodowane wojną były ogromne. Teatr Narodowy w Warszawie został zbombardowany przez Luftwaffe 19 września 1939 r. Ogólnie Polska straciła ok. 70% budynków teatralnych oraz teatralne biblioteki, magazyny dekoracji i kostiumów itp. Straty ludzkie wyniosły ok. 300 zawodowych ludzi teatru (na ok. 2000 w 1939 r.). Niektórzy padli w walkach (jak Ludwik Berger). Inni zostali zamordowanych w więzieniach (jak Nina Veight) i obozach niemieckich (jak Mieczysław Węgrzyn) lub sowieckich (jak Eugeniusz Bodo). Straty duchowe są nie do policzenia: artyści zostali pozbawieni możliwości realizowania swego powołania i praktykowania zawodu, a widzowie strawy duchowej i przeżyć artystycznych. Walka, ofiary, działania i plany ludzi teatru czasu wojny miały głęboki wpływ na historię polskiego teatru w II połowie XX w. Przyczyniły się – choć nie bezpośrednio – do przechowania polskiej tożsamości narodowej w czasach rządów komunistycznych i do odzyskania przez Polskę niepodległości w końcu XX w.
EN
During World War II Polish theatre people took an active part in the fight with both Germany and the Soviet Union. Several of them fought with a weapon inhand as officers and soldiers of Polish armies in the September 1939 campaign, later as combatants of the Home Army (AK), and also within Polish armed forces fighting abroad. Many more fought with a weapon of the word. While boycotting German sponsored stages in the General Government, they created the whole network of small underground theatre groups. Two major centers of this activity were Warsaw, where the Clandestine Theatre Council (Bohdan Korzeniewski, Leon Schiller, Edmund Wierciński and others) organized and sponsored underground theatre productions and acting studios, and Kraków with The Rhapsodic Theatre (led by Mieczysław Kotlarczyk), The Independent Theatre (led by Tadeusz Kantor), and a circle of artists and apprentices gathered around Juliusz Osterwa, who frequently gave one-man shows. Productions were also prepared in German oflags and concentration camps. The great actor Stefan Jaracz performed for fellow inmates in Auschwitz, Zofia Rysiówna in Ravensbrück, and Roman Niewiarowicz in Dachau. Such productions were recorded also in Soviet camps (gulag system). Soldier theatres were organized at the Gen. Anders Second Corp, then also at the Polish forces underSoviet command. Losses of Polish theatre due to the war were staggering. In terms of material losses, The National Theatre in Warsaw was bombed by the Lufwaffe on September 19, 1939, and eventually Poland lost about 70% of theatre buildings standing in August 1939, plus their libraries, sets and costumes magazines, etc. In terms of human losses, about 300 theatre professionals died (out of about 2000 in 1939). Some were killed in military actions, some murdered in either German or Soviet camps. The losses in the spiritual domain were uncountable. Theatre artistswere deprived of the possibility to perform, thus executing their profession and vocation. Theatre spectators were left without their artistic nourishment. The struggles, sacrifices, and deeds of the war-time Polish theatre had a profound influence on the history of Polish theatre of the second half of the 20th century. They were not only an important element of the nation’s war-effort, but-indirectly- contributed to the restoration of Poland’s freedom at the end of the 20th century.
19
51%
EN
The article deals with the legal institute of legacy from the point of view of the application of the principle of autonomy of will in the law of succession. The presentation of historical development shows that the roots of this institute can be found in Roman law, as well as in the direct link of ABGB to legal constructions established in antiquity. An excursion beyond the Czech legal order abroad proves that the legacy was and is a traditional institute of inheritance law, which allows the area of autonomy of the will of the testator to be extended. Further, the legacy in the current Civil Code is examined. The various aspects of the legacy that relate to the application of the will autonomy are analysed. The author concludes that without the possibility to establish a legacy, the autonomy of the will of the testator would not be complete and that the Civil Code opens a very wide area for the testator to various types of dispositions within the legal regulation of the legacy. Only the possibility of calling in addition to the heir (the universal successor), also a legatee, who is not responsible for the debtor’s debts, makes the application of the principle of the autonomy of will in law of succession really complex. At the same time, it is pointed out that another solution is not possible if the current concept of the Civil Code stands on anthropocentric conception of private law, that is to say, a concept whose core motive is respect for the freedom of the individual and his wishes.
CS
Článek se zabývá institutem odkazu z pohledu uplatnění principu autonomie vůle v dědickém právu. Výklad o historickém vývoji ukazuje kořeny tohoto institutu v římském právu, jakož i přímou návaznost ABGB na právní konstrukce zavedené již v období starověku. Zahraniční exkurz dokazuje, že odkaz byl a je tradičním institutem dědického práva, který umožňuje rozšířit prostor pro uplatnění autonomie vůle zůstavitele. Dále je zkoumána úprava odkazu v současném občanském zákoníku. Jsou analyzovány jednotlivé aspekty odkazu, které souvisí s uplatněním autonomie vůle. Autor dochází k závěru, že bez možnosti zřídit odkaz by autonomie vůle zůstavitele nebyla úplná a že občanský zákoník otevírá v rámci právní úpravy odkazu velmi široký prostor zůstaviteli pro další druhy dispozic. Teprve možnost povolat vedle dědice (tedy univerzálního nástupce) také odkazovníka, který neodpovídá za dluhy zůstavitele, činí uplatnění zásady autonomie vůle v dědickém právu vskutku komplexní. Zároveň je poukázáno na skutečnost, že jiné řešení ani není možné, hlásí-li se současná koncepce občanského zákoníku k antropocentrickému pojetí soukromého práva, tj. k pojetí, jehož ústředním motivem je respekt ke svobodě jednotlivce a k jeho přáním.
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