Search results

1

Kurator rejestrowy

100%

Mularski K., Jagielska-Burduk A.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2012

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vol. 21

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issue 1

225-258

EN

In the research the legal status of the legal guardian appointed on the basis of the Article 26 of the National Court Register Law was analyzed. This legal entity involves many aspects related to public law. First of all, the role of the legal guardian is to secure the public interest. Legal guardian seems to be more of a public authorities representative in the company than just a representative of a company. The same role is appointed to the legal guardian on the basis of the 42 Article of Polish Civil Code. The guardian cannot represent a legal person, but is entitled to perform specific actions. This leads to a conclusion that the Family and Guardianship Code (Article 165 and subseq.) cannot be applied. The undertaken research enables to draw a conclusion that conventional acts of a certain entity are said to be a constitutive rule of those actions. On the basis of the court verdict another entity acquires the competence. Article 26 and subseq. of the National Court Register Law should be perceived as statements on other legal provisions that constitute rules of sense of conventional acts.

2

Kadłubowe organy spółki kapitałowej wobec zasad reprezentacji osób prawnych

100%

Ciaptacz J.

Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne

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2017

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vol. 21

47-60

EN

The point of this paper is to answer the question what are the consequences of representing the commercial company by a corporate body without the required number of members. The author analyses this problem considering the general rules of representation of Limited Liability Company and Joint-Stock Company. The Polish legal system does not contain clear regulation relating to consequences of acting in the name of the company without appropriate entitlement, that is why it is thought to be one of the most controversial problems in Polish corporation law. This paper contains critical analyses of different views formed in the doctrine and in the judicial practice and it is an attempt to solve the dilemma connected with companies’ relations with third parties, when the corporate body do not have the minimal required number of members.

3

On the (non)existence of the third category of entities in civil law

88%

Karkut D.

Prawo

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2013

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issue 315/1

EN

The issue of the third category of entities has been presented in this study. Various ideas and conceptions were formulated in the Polish civil law doctrine — concerning the problem mentioned above. Not every author agreed that there were basics for a theory about the existence of the third category of entities. It was important to quote some of the rulings in the discussed scope. Furthermore, the study contains attempts to look at the problem from the other side and postulates to make some fundamental changes in regulations of the Polish Civil Code in the discussed area — the issue of limited legal entities operating in civil law for a long time (such entities were recognized and regulated in Art. 33¹ of the Polish Civil Code). The aim of this article was to find a way to simplify the matter considered by presenting the idea to drop some crucial terms that are in constant use in such considerations.

4

The Intersection Between Criminal and Administrative Liability of a Legal Entity for Environmental Violations in the Context of Sustainable Development

88%

Gruodytė E., Meškys L.

Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

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2009

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vol. 2

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issue 1

58-82

EN

One of the measures which is able to ensure the implementation of sustainable development aims is the institute of legal entities' environmental legal liability and its effective application. Three sorts of legal entities' legal liability can be applied in Lithuania, namely, civil, criminal and administrative liability.Evaluating from the prospect of implementation of sustainable development aims, the potentially effective sorts of legal liability in the environmental sphere are legal entities' administrative and criminal liability.Legal entities violating the norms of environmental law set economic aim above social and environmental aims, hence legal entities also encroach on sustainable development and do not allow for a striving towards the combinability of environmental, economic and social societal aims. This circumstance presupposes the demand to supplement the conception of the object of environmental law violation by both human health and life and sustainable development categories.This article tries to answer the questions as to whether administrative or criminal liability should be applied to the legal entities for offences against the environment, and to which liability - criminal or administrative - a legislator should render priority in protecting the environment from illegal actions of the legal entities.

5

A Gloss to the Decision of the Supreme Court of 16 October 2014, File Ref. No. III Csk 301/13

88%

Wolak G.

Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

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2018

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vol. 28

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issue 2 English Online Version

135-154

EN

The gloss addresses the decision of 16 October 2014, III CSK 301/13, in which the Supreme Court adopted the position that a member of the governing body of a legal entity may, in principle, be a witness to making a testament in which a benefit is provided for that legal person. Similarly, in the Supreme Court’s opinion, a witness to the making of a will may, in principle, be a member of a corporate legal person for which a benefit is provided in that will. The author offers a critical assessment of that position. He considers as appropriate the view according to which a last will in which a benefit is envisaged for a legal person cannot, in principle, be witnessed by either an officer of such a legal entity, or by any member (shareholder) of a corporate legal person.

6

The person and the personhood from the perspective of the U. S American legall doctrine

75%

Beran K.

The Lawyer Quarterly

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2019

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vol. 9

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issue 1

13-24

EN

The mode of solving legal issues within the Anglo-American legal culture has been usually based upon human experience and pragmatic reasoning. This is also the way for the U. S. American legal doctrine to approach the concept of person in law as the basic legal institution. I tend to argue that such approach should be seen as incorrect since fundamental legal concepts – such as a person in law – should not be constructed upon practical human experience. I would claim that this intentionally “anti-theoretical” attitude is the reason why the Anglo-American legal terminology applicable to the concept of person appears unclear. It is difficult to identify differences between “legal entity” and “legal person” as well as the relation and/or difference between terms “person” and “personhood

7

Problematyka uzyskiwania osobowości prawnej w prawie polskim przez kościelne jednostki organizacyjne na przykładzie kościelnych rozgłośni radiowych i stacji telewizyjnych

75%

Wiśniewski P.

Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL

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2010

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vol. 6

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issue 1 Prawo

105-129

EN

In this publication there was discussed the issue of accepting the legal entity by the eccle- sial organizational unions in Poland on the example of ecclesial broadcasting ( radio and television). Only two churches that is the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church have their own broadcasting stations. According to the regulations there are four procedures of gaining the legal status by the ecclesial organizational unions. These are: the regulation procedure, the administrative procedure by way of notification the appropriate body of public authority; the administrative procedure by way of the decree of the proper ministry of religious matters and the procedure of judicial registration (this procedure is valid only to the Catholic Church). The result of gaining the legal status is that one ecclesial legal entity is not responsible for the commitments of the other ecclesial legal entity. The Catholic Church has got one nationwide radio station, 42 local radio stations, that are diocesan, parish and monastic radio stations and one television station. The Orthodox Church has got one radio station. The legal entity in the administrative procedure by the decree of the Minister of Interior and Administration have gained two Catholic radio stations and one Orthodox radio station. The legal entity in the procedure of judicial registration have also gained two radio stations and one television station. The rest stations have not made any effort to gain the legal entity.

8

Foreign Enterprises in the Siberian Economy

71%

Sysoeva N.

Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego

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2019

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vol. 33

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issue 2

124-131

PL

The purpose of the article is to identify the spatial character of foreign investment in Siberia where a considerable part of Russian export goods is produced for the markets of Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. A microeconomic approach was used, and the types and activities of enterprises with foreign capital were analysed. The main features were presented: the predominance of offshore investments, officially identified as foreign investment in the basic industries; increase in the share of investment into the mining industry and increasing dependence on China when moving east; high level of individual’s investment in services with fast capital turnover and minimal capital costs which forms a specific survival environment in the border areas with Mongolia and China. Three patterns of foreign investment in the Siberia are identified – western, central and eastern. The western pattern is characterised by a diversity of donor countries and investment in processing industries, the central one is based on the offshore capital in energy and semi-product industries, and in the eastern pattern investment into mining and logging prevails. The last type of investment is not receptive to innovations and new technologies, conserves and deepens the resource specialisation of industry for Asian markets of raw materials.

9

Likwidacja uczelni niepublicznej w Prawie o szkolnictwie wyższym

63%

Kwiecień-Miland M.

Themis Polska Nova

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2015

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issue 1(8)

237-250

EN

This article discusses the legal basis and the process of the liquidation of non – public higher education institution when his founder decides to apply for a permission to go into liquidation, granted by the Minister of Science and Higher Education. Fundamental obligations of the liquidator have been presented together with conditions and consequences of deletion from the registry of non-public higher education institutions. Examples of problems have been also indicated, both legal and practical that can be faced on during the process of liquidation of non-public higher education institution.

10

Utworzenie uczelni niepublicznej w prawie o szkolnictwie wyższym

63%

Kwiecień-Miland M.

Themis Polska Nova

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2015

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issue 2(9)

180-191

EN

This article discusses the legal basis and the process of the establishment of non – public higher education institution when the founder decides to apply for a permission to establish non-public higher education institution, granted by the Minister of Science and Higher Education. Fundamental obligations of the founder have been presented together with conditions and consequences of enrollment in the registry of non-public higher education institutions. A substantive assessment of the abovementioned process was made in order to answer, if any legal and practical problems can be faced on during the process of establishing non-public higher education institution.

11

Stosunki organizacyjne w obrocie

63%

Petraniuk J.

Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

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2016

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vol. 26

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issue 4

89-116

PL

Autor w artykule analizuje następujące zagadnienia: 1) organ jako element konstrukcji osoby prawnej; 2) umowa jako wyłączne źródło stosunku organizacyjnego; 3) charakterystyka umów rodzących stosunki organizacyjne oraz 4) ustanie stosunków organizacyjnych. Mandat i kadencja, zawarte w treści umów organizacyjnych, są pojęciami uniwersalnymi, które mogą zostać wyprowadzone z art. 369 kodeksu spółek handlowych. Nie oznacza to jednak możliwości stosowania nawet odpowiednio pozostałych przepisów kodeksu spółek handlowych do innych, niż spółki, typów osób prawnych.

EN

The Author in the article analyzes the following issues: 1) organ as part of the structure of a legal entity; 2) contract as the source of organizational relation; 3) characteristic of the contracts resulting in organizational relations and 4) cessation of the organizational relations. The mandate and the term of office, situated in the content of organizational contracts, are universal definitions, which can be derived from Article 369 of the Code of Commercial Companies. However, it does not mean the possibility to use, even adequately, other provisions of the Code of Commercial Companies concerning other than companies, types of legal entities.

12

Analiza historyczno-prawna rozwoju instytucji spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością w Europie Zachodniej i Polsce

63%

Nazaruk P.

Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość

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2014

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vol. 11

389-401

EN

The subject of this article is to assess evolution of the institution of a limited li-ability company as an intermediate form of conducting business between a partnership and a joint stock company, which is a pure company. The article depicts the process of development of a limited liability company from the Roman law to 19th century, when the German legislator, as the first one in Europe, regulated a limited liability company. In the next part of this article the thorough examination of subsequent regulations of a limited liability company, which are in force since 20th century in Poland and in other European countries, was presented. Furthermore, special attention was made to the legislative process of the Polish limited liability company, which is regulated in the Code of Commercial Companies of 2001.

13

Stowarzyszenie zwykłe w świetle zmian kodeksu cywilnego przeprowa- dzonych ustawą z dnia 14 lutego 2003 r.

63%

Szpura E.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2013

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vol. LXXXIX (89)

135-153

EN

The status of an incorporated association is subject to a continued doctrinal dispute between those who believe that such an association is an agreement of a contractual kind and the exponents of the view that it is an organisational entity with limited legal capacity. This dispute has been going on for years and did not end after the new Associations Act was introduced in 1989, or after the 2003 amendments to the Civil Code. The amendment to the Civil Code established a new category of entities in civil law, i.e. the so-called unincorporated legal entity (Article 331 of the Civil Code). The purpose of this publication is to answer the question of whether an unincorporated association can fall within this category or it should continue to be perceived in terms of an organisational relationship between entities. Indeed, the amended Civil Code fails to provide a definitive solution to this issue, so the doctrinal dispute goes on. In order for the association to receive the status of a legal entity, one must establish when it is organisationally independent enough, and then legislate on the relevant requirements in this area. Indeed, at the heart of the many self-conflicting doctrinal theories is the legislator’s failure to clearly define which entities are granted legal capacity. Also, the status of unincorporated associations must be viewed in terms of the provision that governs the liability for obligations assumed by unincorporated legal entities.

14

Podmiotowość prawna na tle podziału prawa na prywatne i publiczne

63%

Doliwa A.

Studia Prawnicze KUL

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2020

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issue 3

65-89

EN

The subject of the study are the theoretical aspects of the issue of legal subjectivity defined against the background of the division of the legal system into public law and private law. After presenting a general understanding of the concept of a legal entity, as well as relations and criteria for distinguishing the terms: public law and private law, the most important problems in the field of civil law and administrative law subjectivity are analyzed. The purpose of the discussion is to show that in relation to the concept of legal personality (subjectivity of legal persons), the doctrines of civil law are universal and can be a starting point in constructing the concept of public law personality. The latter concept was considered useful in particular as a tool for analyzing the political position of local government units.

PL

Przedmiotem opracowania są teoretyczne aspekty zagadnienia podmiotowości prawnej definiowanej na tle podziału systemu prawnego na prawo publiczne i prawo prywatne. Po przedstawieniu rozumienia ogólnego pojęcia podmiotu prawnego oraz relacji i kryteriów wyróżniania pojęć: prawo publiczne i prawo prywatne następuje analiza najważniejszych problemów w zakresie podmiotowości cywilnoprawnej i podmiotowości cywilnoprawnej. Celem rozważań jest wykazanie, że w odniesieniu do pojęcia osobowości prawnej (podmiotowości osób prawnych) ustalenia doktryny prawa cywilnego są uniwersalne i mogą stanowić punkt wyjścia dla konstruowania pojęcia osobowości publicznoprawnej. To ostatnie pojęcie uznane zostało za użyteczne w szczególności jako narzędzie analizy pozycji ustrojowej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w państwie.

15

Legitymacja czynna domu zakonnego Ojców Augustianów w Krakowie w postępowaniu regulacyjnym

63%

Walencik D.

Annales Canonici

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2021

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vol. 17

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issue 1

57-73

EN

While filing a petition and lawsuit pursuant to Article 61 Section 1 and Article 64 Section 2 of a relation between the state and the Catholic Church in the Republic of Poland, the legal church entity must produce its standing to file a petition (lawsuit), to support it and to acquire property rights. It must prove that it is the legal church entity that had been deprived of real estate ownership as a result of its nationalization (identity of entities), or a legal successor of this entity. Filing a claim to regain a nationalized property does not depend on whether this property was owned by the legal entity. There may be a legal succession in the strict sense of the word, or a right to regain the ownership of a property formerly owned by a legal entity of this Church (sensu largo succession), as stipulated by a relation between the state and the Catholic Church in the Republic of Poland. Identity or legal succession of legal church entities require an indication of legal basis in both canon law and Polish law. To meet this requirement, one must provide an interpretation of substantive and procedural law. However, it goes without saying that after unilateral termination of concordat from 1925 until 23 May 1989, there were no such legal norms in Polish law, because the legislator at that time avoided passing such legal norms, in spite of the existence of the binding regulation of the Constitution of the Polish People’s Republic in this respect. These issues have been analysed in detail in the article, using an example of nationalization and revindication of the real estate of a convent of Augustinian Fathers in Krakow.

PL

Składając wniosek, a następnie pozew w trybie przepisów art. 61 ust. 1 i art. 64 ust. 2 ustawy o stosunku państwa do Kościoła katolickiego w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej kościelna osoba prawna musi wykazać swoją legitymację czynną do złożenia wniosku (pozwu), jego popierania oraz nabycia prawa własności. Musi zatem wykazać, że jest tą kościelną osobą prawną, która została pozbawiona własności nieruchomości wskutek jej upaństwowienia (tożsamość podmiotów), lub że jest następcą prawnym tej osoby. Wystąpienie z roszczeniem o przywrócenie własności nieruchomości upaństwowionej nie jest uzależnione od tego, czy nieruchomość ta uprzednio stanowiła własność tej osoby prawnej. Może bowiem zachodzić zarówno następstwo prawne w ścisłym tego słowa znaczeniu, jak i określone przepisami ustawy o stosunku państwa do Kościoła katolickiego w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej uprawnienie do przywrócenia własności nieruchomości, należącej uprzednio do osoby prawnej tego Kościoła (następstwo sensu largo). Tożsamość lub następstwo prawne kościelnych osób prawnych wymagają wskazania podstawy prawnej nie tylko w prawie kanonicznym, lecz również w prawie polskim. W tym celu należy dokonać zarówno wykładni przepisów prawa materialnego, jak i procesowego. Nie ulega jednak wątpliwości, że w obowiązujących po jednostronnym wypowiedzeniu konkordatu z 1925 roku aż do 23 maja 1989 roku przepisach prawa polskiego takiej normy prawnej nie było, ponieważ ówczesny ustawodawca uchylał się od jej uchwalenia, mimo obowiązywania przepisu Konstytucji PRL w tym zakresie. Kwestie te zostały szczegółowo omówione w artykule na przykładzie nacjonalizacji i rewindykacji nieruchomości domu zakonnego Ojców Augustianów w Krakowie.

16

Wymierzenie kary pieniężnej za nielegalne urządzanie gier hazardowych w przypadku prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej w postaci spółki cywilnej. Zarys problematyki

63%

Kaźmierczak D.

Doradztwo Podatkowe Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych

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2022

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vol. 6(310)

32-36

EN

In the area of tax law, the issue of the subjectivity of a civil law partnership has been highly controversial for many years, which is perceived differently depending on the branch of law. The determination of whether or not a civil law partnership has the attribute of legal entity plays a key role in assigning responsibility for the illegal arranging of gambling as set forth in Art. 89 of the Gambling Act of 19 November 2009. This paper discusses not only the legal regulations applicable to the issue in question, but also the jurisprudence. Considering the vastness and complexity of the subject matter, an outline is presented that attempts to clarify any legal doubts as to whether a civil law partnership or its partners should be fined for arrang ing illegal gambling.

PL

Na gruncie prawa podatkowego spore kontrowersje budzi od wielu lat problematyka podmiotowości spółki cywilnej, która jest postrzegana różnorodnie w zależności od gałęzi prawa. Ustalenia co do posiadania przez spółkę cywilną atrybutu podmiotowości prawnej lub jej braku odgrywają kluczową rolę w zakresie przypisania odpowiedzialności za nielegalne urządzanie gier hazardowych, o czym mowa w art. 89 ustawy z dnia 19 listopada 2009 r. o grach hazardowych1. Rozważaniom w niniejszej pracy poddano nie tylko przepisy prawa właściwe dla analizowanego zagadnienia, lecz nadto praktykę orzeczniczą. Zważywszy na obszerność i zawiłość poruszonej tematyki, został przedstawiony jej zarys, w którego ramach podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia wątpliwości prawnych, tak aby ustalić, czy za nielegalne urządzenie gier hazardowych kara pieniężna powinna być nałożona na spółkę cywilną, czy na jej wspólników.

17

Problematyka klasyfikacji postanowień umowy spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością w oparciu o kryterium charakteru prawnego

51%

Nazaruk P.

Pieniądze i Więź

|

2014

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vol. 17

|

issue 4(65)

127-135

PL

Celem artykułu jest przeprowadzenie kompleksowej klasyfikacji postanowień umowy spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością w oparciu o kryterium charakteru prawnego. Ponadto określono szczegółowe zasady kształtowania treści postanowień umowy z o.o. oraz metody wykładni aktu założycielskiego osoby prawnej. Artykuł zawiera szczegółową charakterystykę postanowień umowy polskiej spółki z o.o., szczególną uwagę poświęcono postanowieniom: obligatoryjnym, fakultatywnym, korporacyjnym, obligacyjnym, mieszanym, oraz esentialia negotti, naturalia negotii, accidentalia negotii. Analiza prawa polskiego została uzupełniona o uwagi porównawcze na tle prawa niemieckiego i systemów prawnych common law.

EN

The aim of this article is to depict the detailed classification of provisions of articles of association of a limited liability company on the basis of the legal nature criterion. What is more, it points out rules concerning modification of content of provisions of articles of association of a limited liability company and methods of interpretation of articles of association of a legal entity. The article also includes the comprehensive analysis of provisions of the Polish limited liability company, indicating in particular mandatory, non-mandatory, company, obligation and mixed provisions, and esentialia negotti, naturalia negotii, as well as accidentalia negotii. The analysis of the Polish law was supplemented by comparative notes relating to the German law and legal systems, which are based on common law.

18

Formy konsolidacji uczelni niepublicznych w Prawie o szkolnictwie wyższym

51%

Kwiecień-Miland M.

Themis Polska Nova

|

2016

|

issue 1(10)

90-104

EN

This article presents different forms of consolidation of non-public higher education institutions, according to the provisions of law on higher education, i.e.: fusion of non-public higher education institutions, transfer of the permission to establish non-public higher education institution and association of non-public higher education. The legal basis and the process of those three forms have been presented together with conditions and consequences. Examples of problems have been also indicated, both legal and practical that can be faced on.

Refine search results

Kurator rejestrowy

Kadłubowe organy spółki kapitałowej wobec zasad reprezentacji osób prawnych

On the (non)existence of the third category of entities in civil law

The Intersection Between Criminal and Administrative Liability of a Legal Entity for Environmental Violations in the Context of Sustainable Development

A Gloss to the Decision of the Supreme Court of 16 October 2014, File Ref. No. III Csk 301/13

The person and the personhood from the perspective of the U. S American legall doctrine

Problematyka uzyskiwania osobowości prawnej w prawie polskim przez kościelne jednostki organizacyjne na przykładzie kościelnych rozgłośni radiowych i stacji telewizyjnych

Foreign Enterprises in the Siberian Economy

Likwidacja uczelni niepublicznej w Prawie o szkolnictwie wyższym

Utworzenie uczelni niepublicznej w prawie o szkolnictwie wyższym

Stosunki organizacyjne w obrocie

Analiza historyczno-prawna rozwoju instytucji spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością w Europie Zachodniej i Polsce

Stowarzyszenie zwykłe w świetle zmian kodeksu cywilnego przeprowa- dzonych ustawą z dnia 14 lutego 2003 r.

Podmiotowość prawna na tle podziału prawa na prywatne i publiczne

Legitymacja czynna domu zakonnego Ojców Augustianów w Krakowie w postępowaniu regulacyjnym

Wymierzenie kary pieniężnej za nielegalne urządzanie gier hazardowych w przypadku prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej w postaci spółki cywilnej. Zarys problematyki

Problematyka klasyfikacji postanowień umowy spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością w oparciu o kryterium charakteru prawnego

Formy konsolidacji uczelni niepublicznych w Prawie o szkolnictwie wyższym