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African Legal Instruments as Regional Tools of Harmonization of International Environmental Law

100%
Diallo B. S.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
|
2022
|
vol. 14
87-101
EN
Environmental degradation in the world in general, and in Africa in particular, is occurring on a scale of increasing concern. The challenge for public policy is to change the relationship between people and their environment in order to reverse this trend. To this end, in an internal and an international context characterized by, on the one hand, the establishment of democracy and the rule of law and, on the other, by the globalization of environmental law following the Rio Conference (1992) in particular, the rule of law has naturally emerged as the key tool for these transformations. The aim of this article is to identify and analyze the African legal instruments and the actions of transformation in the relationship between the regional legal framework and international environment law, with the goal of the sustainability of natural resources and sustainable living environment as the key environmental issues in a fragile region. Africa is in the processes of decision making and adopting environmental protection methods as it embarks on a normative production process, with the aim of producing a law combining international standards and local norms and practices. The contemporary issues of environmental protection in Africa are analyzed in an interdisciplinary approach.
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Z prawnej problematyki finansowania urzędowej kontroli żywności

81%
Serlikowska A.
Przegląd Prawa Rolnego
|
2018
|
issue 2(23)
101-114
IT
L’obiettivo delle considerazioni è di rispondere alla domanda se gli strumenti giuridici relativi al finanziamento del controllo ufficiale degli alimenti svolto da parte degli organi dello Stato riescano a garantire il suo corretto svolgimento. L’autrice ha fornito una descrizione generale del funzionamento del sistema di pagamenti in vari Stati membri dell’UE. Nella parte conclusiva, ha affermato che, benché il legislatore dell’UE abbia disciplinato il sistema di finanziamento dei controlli ufficiale degli alimenti nazionali, nella maggior parte dei casi e regolazioni non garantiscono la copertura di tutti i costi delle attività di controllo svolte. Inoltre, il loro finanziamento in base a criteri vaghi porta ad abbassare il livello di fiducianelle amministrazioni pubbliche.
EN
The purpose of these deliberations is an attempt to answer the question of whether the legal instruments concerning the financing of statutory food controls ensure proper functioning of this form of supervision. In particular, the functioning of the system of fees in various EU Member States has been analysed. It has been found out that despite the fact that the EU legislator has regulated the system of financing official controls of foodstuffs, most national regulations do not provide sufficiently for the proper functioning of the control system, and do not ensure that all costs incurred are recovered. Moreover, the unclear criteria according to which the financing system operates reduces confidence in public administration bodies.
PL
Celem rozważań jest odpowiedź na pytanie, czy instrumenty prawne finansowania ustawowej kontroli żywności zapewniają prawidłowe funkcjonowanie tej formy nadzoru. W szczególności przeanalizowano funkcjonowanie systemu opłat w różnych państwach członkowskich UE. Stwierdzono, że pomimo uregulowania przez prawodawcę unijnego systemu finansowania kontroli urzędowych środków spożywczych większość przepisów krajowych nie zapewnia w wystarczającym stopniu prawidłowego funkcjonowania systemu kontroli i nie zapewnia zwrotu wszystkich poniesionych kosztów. Ponadto niejasne kryteria, według których funkcjonuje system finansowania, zmniejszają zaufanie do organów administracji publicznej.
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