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1
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Legal aspects of dispute resolution in Late Antiquity. The case of P. Mich. XIII 659

100%
Wojtczak M.
The Journal of Juristic Papyrology
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2016
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issue 46
275-308
EN
The arbitration and settlement of claims in the Roman law have been the subject of multiple analyses. Recent years have witnessed a particular interest in the practical application of these institutions in Late Antiquity. At first sight, legal papyri may seem confusing and give the impression that they present solutions distant from the standard ones known from the compilations of the law. When one ventures to take a closer look, however, at the complex web of legal concepts and terms, one can notice the context in which the agreement is situated as well as the relations connecting both sides of the dispute. The pres- ent article offers a legal analysis of P. Mich. XIII 659, published in 1977, which concerns a dispute settled by means of mesiteia (i.e. mediation/arbitration). A plausible reconstruction of events is provided, which allows insight into the numerous correlations between the institutions as well as regulations known from the law on the one hand, and the legal practice as demonstrated by the papyri on the other. Finally, a short, polemical commentary is offered concerning the popularity of arbitration/mediation in Late Antiquity, a phenomenon frequently noted in literature.
2
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Legal Regulation of Professional Activities of a Journalist in the Context of Crimes Against Journalists

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Kremenchuk I., Horlov Y.
Reality of Politics
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2019
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issue 10
79-91
EN
The problem of legal regulation of professional activities of a journalist is relevant because the state and its law enforcement system, the state of law and order in the society as well as its moral values appear to the public as it is seen (or should be seen by their owners) by the mass media (hereinafter - the media). However, the real situation may differ significantly from how it is presented by the journalists. That is why their activity should be clearly regulated by law.
3
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Exclusion and Inclusion in the Legal Professions: Negotiating Gender in Central and East Central Europe, 1887–1945

67%
Kimble S. L., Röwekamp M.
Acta Poloniae Historica
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2018
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vol. 117
PL
This article examines the struggle by women to gain access to higher education opportunities in law and to secure the right to work in the legal profession between the 1880s through the 1940s in Central and East Central Europe. Activists challenged the exclusion of women from universities and the field of law by testing meritocratic and democratic principles or holding to account constitutional commitments to equality. The lawyers’ movement they subsequently created acted as a spearhead for the legal wing of the women’s emancipation movement that sought to reform women’s rights in national legislation and the civil codes. These processes were integral to the negotiation of gender roles in Central European countries from the late-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries. Moreover, the rise of pan-European female lawyers’ associations illustrates the broader significance of these legal struggles. In the history of the women’s rights movements, the right to work in the legal professions and in civil service was also integral to the larger struggle for full citizenship rights.
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Pluralizm prawniczy Leona Petrażyckiego a pluralizm etyczny Isaiaha Berlina. Ontologia, metodologia, praktyka prawnicza

67%
Majczyk K. J.
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
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2019
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vol. 62
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issue 2
45-80
EN
Psychics, ethics and law are the three main pillars of Leon Petrazycki's scientific interests, which finally became interested in the scientific circles of philosophers, lawyers and Polish sociologists. And rightly so, because the measure of the size of the Nation is the knowledge of his heroes. L. Petrażycki was undoubtedly the hero of Polish logic, ethics and law. The moral imperative of restoring, or rather priming properly, the works of Our Great Countryman in contemporary European logic, ethics and law should depend on substantive comparative reflections on the thoughts, concepts and scientific definitions of L. Petrażycki with the greatest contemporary creators of logic, ethics and law, who were more fortunate to appear in the scientific space than our compatriot.Undoubtedly, Isaiah Berlin is the precursor of European ethical pluralism. I. Berlin is above all Anglo-Saxon ethics, strongly associated with the environment of today's most outstanding philosophers of positivist Anglo-Saxon law. analytical jurisprudence.The family and personal fates of both Petrazycki and I. Berlin are connected with Soviet Russia, which is the epitome of all philosophical trends contrary to both the ethical pluralism of I. Berlin and the legal pluralism proclaimed by L. Petrazycki. Although their views have developed differently, due to the different ethical traditions and especially the dissimilarity of Anglo-Saxon legal culture from the continental legal culture, they can be treated together as a counterpoint to all totalitarianisms of the twentieth century. What's more, there is a kind of complementarity between the ethical thought of I. Berlin and the psychological theory of law of L. Petrażycki, which, despite different ontological assumptions, enormously enriches contemporary European philosophical and legal thought.Because their fates were different, the common knowledge of the ethical pluralism of I. Berlin in Western Europe co-exists with the common ignorance in this cultural circle of legal pluralism of L. Petrazycki. The aim of the paper is to overcome the above-mentioned scientific negligence in relation to the achievements of Our Great Countryman.One can put forward the thesis about the ontological difference of the compared concepts of pluralism. Well, I. Berlin is the epitome of the agnostic culture of Western Europe. The above-mentioned culture published I. Berlin as the creator of ethical pluralism, ie the creator of a cultural current consisting in the existence of mutually co-existent in the spirit of tolerance, individuals, social groups and even nations. Meanwhile, L. Petrażycki, a noble son of the Polish nation tortured by the bondage, observing the developing European national nationalisms that led, during his lifetime, to social revolutions, then to World War I and Fascism and Bolshevism, he proclaimed, though with increasing bitterness, the idea. " love of nations "and the idea of fighting with shallow, cheap legal positivism. In view of the above-mentioned ontological differences, the question arises as to which of the aforementioned cultural concepts leads to the development of ethical and legal culture?A comparison of several basic theses of ethical pluralism of I. Berlin, including the idea of objectively existing but ultimately incommensurable ethical values and their impact on the establishment and application of law with L. Petrazycki's idea of universal love, psychological theory of law and the principles of legal policy will allow to visualize two different ontological perspectives, two different groups of methodological problems with the absorption of ethical values and ethical norms as legal values and legal norms and differences in practical possibilities of using the scientific achievements of the above-mentioned scholars for the development of legal practice as an important element of culture of contemporary societies and European nations in the era of globalization and strong mutual penetration cultures.Unfortunately, empirical ethical experiences and insightful phenomenological analysis reveal the deep ethical divide of modern man associated with his failure to practice rationality. It was only the submission of both theories to the complementary theological and philosophical law of Saint. Augustine reveals their basic cognitive errors of reality, ethical confusion and praxeological ineffectiveness.Using the work of L. Petrazycki and the ethical plurality of I. Berlin criticized against it, the human anthropological concepts resulting from them were constructed and confronted with the ontologically and ethically opposing trinitarian Christian personalism of St. Augustine. A broad argument was made for the thesis of the ceaseless attractiveness of the trinitarian Christian personalism of Saint. Augustine as a concept of the development of personal individuality by every human being, as well as a hopeful perspective for the development of legal and political systems by modern societies, living in a maze of ontologically lost ideologies of global society.
PL
Psychika, etyka i prawo to trzy główne filary zainteresowań naukowych Leona Petrażyckiego, którymi ostatecznie zainteresowały się kręgami naukowymi filozofów, prawników i polskich socjologów. I słusznie, ponieważ miarą wielkości Narodu jest wiedza o jego bohaterach. L. Petrażycki był niewątpliwie bohaterem polskiej logiki, etyki i prawa. Moralny imperatyw przywracania, a raczej właściwego kształtowania, dzieł naszego wielkiego rodaka we współczesnej europejskiej logice, etyce i prawie powinien zależeć od merytorycznych refleksji porównawczych na temat myśli, koncepcji i naukowych definicji L. Petrażyckiego z największymi współczesnymi twórcami logiki , etyki i prawa, którzy mieli więcej szczęścia, aby pojawić się w przestrzeni naukowej niż nasz rodak. Niewątpliwie Izajasz Berlin jest prekursorem europejskiego pluralizmu etycznego. I. Berlin jest przede wszystkim etykiem anglosaskim, silnie związanym ze środowiskiem dzisiejszych najwybitniejszych filozofów analitycznych szkoły pozytywistycznego prawa anglosaskiego. Rodzinne i osobiste losy Petrażyckiego i I. Berlina są związane z Rosją sowiecką, która jest uosobieniem wszystkich nurtów filozoficznych sprzecznych zarówno z pluralizmem etycznym I. Berlina, jak i pluralizmem prawnym głoszonym przez L. Petrażyckiego. Chociaż ich poglądy rozwinęły się inaczej, ze względu na różne tradycje etyczne, a zwłaszcza odmienność anglosaskiej kultury prawnej od kontynentalnej kultury prawnej, można je traktować razem jako kontrapunkt dla wszystkich totalitaryzmów XX wieku. Co więcej, istnieje pewien rodzaj komplementarności między myślą etyczną I. Berlina a psychologiczną teorią prawa L. Petrażyckiego, która pomimo różnych założeń ontologicznych ogromnie wzbogaca współczesną europejską myśl filozoficzną i prawną. Ponieważ ich losy były inne, wspólna wiedza o etycznym pluralizmie I. Berlina w Europie Zachodniej współistnieje ze wspólną ignorancją w tym kulturowym kręgu legalnego pluralizmu L. Petrazyckiego. Celem artykułu jest przezwyciężenie wyżej wspomnianego zaniedbania naukowego w odniesieniu do osiągnięć Naszego Wielkiego Rodaka. Można postawić tezę o różnicy ontologicznej porównywanych pojęć pluralizmu. Cóż, I. Berlin jest uosobieniem agnostycznej kultury Europy Zachodniej. Wspomniana kultura ogłosiła I. Berlina jako twórcę pluralizmu etycznego, czyli twórcę nurtu kulturowego polegającego na istnieniu wzajemnie współistniejących w duchu tolerancji jednostek, grup społecznych, a nawet narodów. Tymczasem L. Petrażycki, szlachetny syn narodu polskiego uciemiężonego przez zniewolenie, obserwując rozwijające się narodowe nacjonalizmy europejskie, które w ciągu życia doprowadziły do ​​rewolucji społecznych, a następnie do I wojny światowej i faszyzmu i bolszewizmu, ogłosił choć z rosnącą goryczą ideę „miłości narodów” i ideę walki z płytkim, tanim pozytywizmem prawnym. W związku z wyżej wymienionymi różnicami ontologicznymi powstaje pytanie, która z wyżej wymienionych koncepcji kulturowych prowadzi do rozwoju kultury etycznej i prawnej? Porównanie kilku podstawowych tez pluralizmu etycznego I. Berlina, w tym idei obiektywnie istniejących, ale ostatecznie niewspółmiernych wartości etycznych i ich wpływu na ustanowienie i stosowanie prawa z ideą uniwersalnej miłości L. Petrażyckiego, psychologicznej teorii prawa i zasady polityki prawnej pozwolą na wizualizację dwóch różnych perspektyw ontologicznych, dwóch różnych grup problemów metodologicznych z absorpcją wartości etycznych i norm etycznych jako wartości prawnych i norm prawnych oraz różnic w praktycznych możliwościach wykorzystania osiągnięć naukowych wyżej wymienionych uczonych dla rozwoju praktyki prawnej jako ważnego elementu kultury współczesnych społeczeństw i narodów europejskich w dobie globalizacji i silnych kultur wzajemnej penetracji. Niestety, empiryczne doświadczenia etyczne i wnikliwa analiza fenomenologiczna ujawniają głęboki podział etyczny współczesnego człowieka związany z jego brakiem praktyki racjonalności. Dopiero podporządkowanie obu teorii komplementarnemu prawu teologicznemu i filozoficznemu św. Augustyna ujawnia podstawowe błędy poznawcze rzeczywistości, dezorientację etyczną i nieskuteczność prakseologiczną. Korzystając z pracy L. Petrażyckiego i pluralizmu etycznego I. Berlina służącego do jego krytyki, wynikające z nich ludzkie koncepcje antropologiczne skonstruowano i skonfrontowano z ontologicznie i etycznie przeciwstawnym trynitarnym chrześcijańskim personalizmem św. Augustyna. Szeroko argumentowano za tezą o nieustannej atrakcyjności trynitarnego chrześcijańskiego personalizmu św. Augustyna jako koncepcji rozwoju osobistej indywidualności każdego człowieka, jak również nadziei na rozwój systemów prawnych i politycznych przez nowoczesne społeczeństwa, żyjące w labiryncie ontologicznie utraconych ideologii globalnego społeczeństwa.
5
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‘Legal representation’ of monastic communities in late antique papyri

67%
Wojtczak M.
The Journal of Juristic Papyrology
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2019
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issue 49
347-399
EN
While focusing on the issues such as spirituality, faith, prayer, and discipline, the late antique literary discourse pays little attention to the engagement of monks in the mundane realities of daily life. The symbolic significance of the total withdrawal from the earthly matters have paved its way into common imagination of the monastic existence. One must, however, remain cautious while attempting to translate monastic writings into the reality of day-to-day life of a monk in Egypt. As shown by numerous papyri, social and economic relations between monks and the surrounding world were not sporadic, but an inevitable element of the monastic movement. The picture of Egyptian monasticism depicts a web of contacts with the ‘outside world’ and an entanglement of religious landscape in the local economy. In this article, I discuss only one aspect of the much broader issue, that is the existence of ‘legal capacity’ of monastic communities in late antique Egypt. I address the problem of ‘legal representation’ of monasteries as outlined in the sources of legal practice. For a lawyer, these observations are all the more stimulating as there has been an ongoing debate whether ‘legal persons’ as such existed at all in Roman law, and whether we could talk about anything approaching our current understanding of ‘legal personality’.
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How to Become a Monastic Superior? Legal and Mundane Sine Qua Nons

67%
Wojtczak M.
The Journal of Juristic Papyrology
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2021
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issue 51
119-167
EN
The literary portrayal of the charismatic founders of monastic communities, and of their successors, abounds in descriptions of ascetic practices and devotion. However, the hegumenoi also needed to be individuals of the right standing and competence, as it was only such people who could properly represent the communities in relations with both lay and ecclesiastical authorities, secure the obedience of all the brethren, as well as efficiently manage the community and its assets. The nature and the exact procedure of superior’s appointment became increasingly relevant and began to interest both the church and the secular authorities once the monastic movement reached such a magnitude that it could no longer be left without proper institutional surveillance. In parallel, there was a growing awareness among monks themselves of the need to standardise the existing practices and experience. In this article I focus on the legal conditions delimiting the transfer of headship over monastic communities and their reflection in mundane reality. My aim is to see how documents of legal practice relate to the imperial legislation dealing with the appointment of the people in charge of the monasteries. The analysis of the superior selection process will allow for commenting on both the legal framework within which the monastic communities functioned, and the much broader issue of imperial policy towards the emerging holy houses. It should also enable some conclusions on the legal status of monastic communities and how it may have influenced the realities of appointing their administrative and spiritual heads.
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