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EN
The development of the inheritance law in Poland arises the question of protection of the deceased’s relatives in the context of his testamentary dispositions. The legitimate portion in the civil code is no longer desirable, especially because of two defects. First, it is the wrong group of people entitled to the legitimate portion. Second, a detailed examination of the claim of legitim to determine whether a person was in any way depandant on the deceased’s estate is not possible. These defects cause that the shape of a legitimate portion in polish law is a too-far reaching interference with the testator’s last will. It needs changes.
EN
An agreement to disclaim inheritance concluded between a future testator and their potential legal heir constitutes an exception to the ban on concluding agreements concerning inheritance of a still living person. Inheritance is usually disclaimed in connection with the benefit received by a potential legal heir at the expense of the testator’s estate. This results in excluding the heir from statutory inheritance and depriving them of the right to the legitimate portion. The effects of this agreement also concern the descendants of the person disclaiming inheritance unless otherwise agreed by the parties. According to the Supreme Court disclaiming inheritance may only be limited to the legitimate portion. An agreement to disclaim inheritance can be declared invalid or changed. An agreement to disclaim inheritance has to meet the requirements of a notarial deed to declare it valid and invalid and to change it.
EN
Disinheritance, regulated in art.1008 – 10011 of the Polish Civil Code serves as the deprivation of the right to legitimate portion, of the persons entitled to it, i.e. the testator’s spouse, his or her descendants or parents who would have been appointed by law to inherit. It can only be done in the testament, and only for reasons indicated in art.1008 p.1-3 of the Polish Civil Code. This is a closed catalogue of causes for disinheritance, and one of them is persistent failure to fulfil family obligations towards the testator (p.3). For example, in the decision of 23 March 2018, I CSK 424/17, the Supreme Court recognized that children who do not fulfil family responsibilities – they do not support their father in need, can be disinherited, even if the testator contributed to the family conflict. In the article, the issue of the cause for disinheritance is discussed with reference to selected case law indicated in art.1008 p. 3 of the Polish Civil Code.
PL
Wydziedziczenie uregulowane w art. 1008-1011 K.c. służy pozbawieniu prawa do zachowku osób uprawnionych do niego, tj. małżonka spadkodawcy, jego zstępnych oraz rodziców, którzy byliby powołani z mocy ustawy do dziedziczenia. Może być ono dokonane tylko w testamencie oraz tylko z przyczyn wskazanych w art. 1008 pkt 1-3 K.c. Jest to zamknięty katalog przyczyn wydziedziczenia. Jedną z nich jest uporczywie niedopełnianie względem spadkodawcy obowiązków rodzinnych (pkt 3). Dla przykładu w wyroku z dnia 23 marca 2018 r., I CSK 424/17, Sąd Najwyższy uznał, że dzieci, które nie wypełniają obowiązków rodzinnych – nie wspierają ojca w potrzebie, mogą zostać wydziedziczone, nawet jeśli spadkodawca przyczyniał się do powstania konfliktu rodzinnego. W artykule omówiono, z powołaniem się na wybrane orzecznictwo sądowe, przedmiotową przesłankę wydziedziczenia.
EN
It may raise some doubts whether a person entitled to a legitimate portion within the meaning of art.991 § 1 Civil Code, is the bequeather’s grandchild as a further descendant, when confirmation of inheritance acquisition was based on the last will and testament and the bequeather’s child as a statutory heir rejected the inheritance under the Act and had not been appointed to inherit under that last will and testament. In the gloss to the resolution of the Supreme Court of 23rd October 2019, III CZP 23/19, the author accepted the view that a remote descendant of bequeather whose ascendant (bequeather’s child), not appointed to inherit under the bequeather’s last will and testament regarding the entire inheritance, rejected the inheritance, has no right to legitimate portion.
PL
Pewne wątpliwości może budzić to, czy osobą uprawnioną do zachowku w rozumieniu art. 991 § 1 Kodeksu cywilnego jest wnuk spadkodawcy jako dalszy zstępny, gdy stwierdzenie nabycia spadku nastąpiło na podstawie testamentu, a dziecko spadkodawcy jako spadkobierca ustawowy odrzuciło spadek z ustawy i nie zostało powołane do dziedziczenia na podstawie tego testamentu. W glosie do uchwały z dnia 23 października 2019 r., III CZP 24/19, glosator zaaprobował stanowisko Sądu Najwyższego, zgodnie z którym dalszy zstępny spadkodawcy nie jest uprawniony do zachowku po nim, jeśli – w razie dziedziczenia testamentowego – zstępny spadkodawcy złożył oświadczenie o odrzuceniu spadku z ustawy.
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