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Konstrukcja culpa in contrahendo jako instrument ochrony interesów inwestorów zagranicznych – wybrane zagadnienia

100%
Podhalicz M.
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem
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2021
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vol. 13
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issue 4
252-273
EN
The present article addresses the issue, whether in international law there exists pre-contractual responsibility (culpa in contrahendo). If such a responsibility indeed exists it will play a significant role not only in State-to-State relations, but also in the relations between States and private investors, given the fact that currently, on the virtue of investment treaties, private entities have rights to lodge claims against states before arbitration tribunals, which employ international law in their judgements. Hence, determination whether responsibility for culpa in contrahendo exists in international law, will allow to establish, whether private entities may base the claims on that ground, and if such course of action is advantageous. The proposed analysis will be based upon sources of international law, such as treaties, custom, general principles of law, as well as judicial and scientific authorities – and additionally also relevant practice in chosen States’ legal practice.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia istnienia odpowiedzialności z tytułu culpae in contrahendo w prawie międzynarodowym publicznym. Pozytywna odpowiedź w tej kwestii będzie miała istotne znaczenie nie tylko z punktu widzenia relacji państwo–państwo, ale również państwo–inwestorzy. Inwestorzy prywatni dysponują bowiem możliwością pozywania państw przed sądy arbitrażowe, które stosują prawo międzynarodowe. Istnienie zatem odpowiedzialności z tytułu culpae in contrahendo w prawie międzynarodowym pozwoli na udzielenie odpowiedzi, czy podmioty prywatne mogą dochodzić roszczeń z tego tytułu przed sądami arbitrażowymi i czy droga ta jest dla nich korzystna. Proponowana analiza zostanie dokonana w oparciu o źródła prawa międzynarodowego, takie jak traktaty, zwyczaj międzynarodowy, ogólne zasady prawa, wypowiedzi orzecznictwa i doktryny oraz –pomocniczo – o praktykę w wybranych krajowych porządkach prawnych.
2
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Kilka uwag o regulacji prawnej przedsiębiorczości w późnym średniowieczu

100%
Wojciechowski R.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
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2018
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vol. 114
675-691
EN
The author analyzes main issues of legal regulation of entrepreneurship in the late Middle Ages. At the beginning, the concepts of “law merchant” and “commercial law” were compared. The author then indicated the signifi cance of Roman law and its reception for the law used by entrepreneurs and presented the basic information about maritime law, borough rights and market jurisdiction. The issues of typology of commercial companies, development of banking and beginnings of the bankruptcy law were also studied. Finally, the author concluded that without a ruling factor, it was impossible to regulate entrepreneurship in the Middle Ages. The ideas about the self-regulating of merchant estate, autarkic lex mercatoria and exclusive trade courts are not completely false, but they are exaggerated. The participation of public authorities in the regulation of entrepreneurship has been irreplaceable.
3
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The Conservation in Lyon and the Long Tradition of Coutume and Usage

85%
in ’t Veld, Cornelis M
Studia Iuridica
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2019
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vol. 80
405-419
EN
In this contribution I am tracing the legal history of the concepts coutume and usage back from today’s international mercantile law to the Tribunal de la Conservation in early modern Lyon. From the late 19th century some theorists were regarding usage as normative when it could be derived from the consensus between contracting parties. We find this conception of usage, for example, in the CISG. On the other hand, the more romantical strain of theorists on the law merchant was stressing that customary law was normative regardless of the possibility to derive it from the parties’ agreements. In early modern Lyon merchants were invoking usages (and to a lesser extent also coutumes) at the Conservation frequently. Because of the juridification of this tribunal in the late 17th century, we expected that the use of the words coutume and usage was in line with the doctrinal conceptions of their days (according to which coutume was a form of written normative customary law and usage was a non-written normative customary law). This, however, was not always the case: sometimes the judges of the Conservation were using the words in a rather loose sense.
4
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Use of UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts to interpret or supplement Czech contract law

85%
Pauknerová M., Pfeiffer M.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2018
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vol. 8
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issue 4
452-468
EN
The article analyses the extent to which the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC) are used to interpret and supplement Czech contract law. Under Czech legal doctrine the UPICC are part of lex mercatoria and not considered as a generally binding set of legal rules. However, contracting parties are free to make them part of their contract. The authors carry out a comparative analysis of selected UPICC rules and their counterparts in the Czech national law (Czech Civil Code) relating to negotiations in bad fairh, surprising terms, currency of payment, right to terminate the contract and interest for failure to pay money.
5
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Non-State Law in International Commercial Arbitration

71%
König M.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2015
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vol. 35
265-292
EN
The feature that most attracts private parties from different states to referring their dispute to an arbitral tribunal is the flexibility of the procedure. However, the differences between arbitration and court litigation are not only procedural, but they concern the substance of the parties’ cases. This is because in the realm of international arbitration the law applicable to the merits of the case is determined according to other provisions than the statutory conflict of laws rules. Depending on the arbitration law of the seat, the entire private international law statute can be captured in a single provision – “absent the parties’ choice, the arbitral tribunal shall apply the rules of law which it determines to be appropriate”. It follows that arbitral tribunals, unlike state courts, are not bound by the conflict of laws rules of the forum. What’s more, the merits of a dispute submitted to arbitration may be governed not only by some national body of law (e.g. the Polish Civil Code) but also by a non-state, non-national set of provisions – “rules of law” (e.g. the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts). The aim of this article is to analyze how the parties and tribunals may make use of their autonomy in determining the law applicable to a dispute. Furthermore it examines whether there are any limits thereto in light of the Rome I Regulation.
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