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Sociálne a religiózne koreláty zmysluplnosti života u ľudí v staršom veku

100%
Halama P., Semancová S.
E-psychologie (E-psychology)
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2014
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vol. 8
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issue 2
1-10
EN
The study focused on the social and religious correlates of life meaningfulness in elderly people. 180 respondents were administered Life Meaningfulness Scale, Social Support Survey MOS, Swedish Religious Orientation Scale and Religious Salience Scale. Besides these, demographic data related to the type of respondents’ household were collected. The results showed that social support and type of household significantly related to life meaningfulness, and direction of the relationships suggested that social relationships were important source of life meaningfulness. On the other hand, religiosity did not show clear relations with meaningfulness, because extrinsic religiosity had only weak negative relationship with meaningfulness and intrinsic religiosity and religious salience did not correlate with meaningfulness. Analysis of moderation effect of gender and type of household on the relationship between life meaningfulness and religiosity showed that intrinsic religiosity had positive relationship only in males and this relationship is higher if respondent lived in the household with relatives.
SK
Štúdia sa zameriava na sociálne a religiózne koreláty zmysluplnosti života u ľudí v staršom veku. 180 respondentom vo veku od 65 do 75 rokov boli administrované Škála životnej zmysluplnosti, Dotazník sociálnej opory MOS, Švédska škála náboženskej orientácie a Škála náboženskej významnosti. Okrem toho boli zisťované demografické údaje o type domácnosti, v ktorej respondenti žijú. Výsledky ukázali, že sociálna opora aj typ domácnosti významne súvisia so životnou zmysluplnosťou, pričom smer vzťahu naznačuje, že sociálne vzťahy sú dôležitým zdrojom životnej zmysluplnosti. Na druhej strane, pri religiozite sa neukázali jednoznačné vzťahy, vonkajšková religiozita korelovala so zmysluplnosťou slabo negatívne, zvnútornená religiozita a významnosť religiozity so zmysluplnosťou nekorelovali vôbec. Analýza moderačného efektu rodu a typu domácnosti na vzťah medzi životnou zmysluplnosťou a religiozitou ukázala, že zvnútornená religiozita pozitívne súvisí so zmysluplnosťou iba u mužov, a tento vzťah je intenzívnejší keď muž býva v domácnosti s príbuznými.
2
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Role víry v prožívání smysluplnosti života u vysokoškolských studentů

75%
Křeménková L., Novotný J. S.
Psychologie a její kontexty
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2015
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vol. 6
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issue 1
79-95
EN
Problem: The aim of this paper is to verify the existence of differences in experiencing life meaningfulness of believers and unbelievers and analyze how much faith affects life meaningfulness. Methods: The sample consisted of 213 university students aged 20-29 years (mean age = 23). Respondents were divided into three groups: Christians (N = 80), Buddhists (N = 25), atheists (N = 108). We used a Existential Scale (ES) questionnaire, 46-item tool, detecting a subjective measure of personal meaningful existence in two dimensions: Personality (sub-dimensions Self-distance and Self-transcendence) and Existentiality (sub-dimensions Freedom and Responsibility). Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: Using independent t–test, it was confirmed that life meaningfulness was significantly lower for unbelievers in dimension Personality, t(180,943) = 7,013), p < ,001 (this represented a strong effect, d = ,983) and ES Total Score, t(175,424) = 4,201, p < ,001 (this represented a medium effect, d = ,592). Subsequent independent one-way ANOVA (using Welch F) indicated that believers demonstrate a higher life meaningfulness in the dimensions Personality, F (2, 84,212) = 32,062, p < ,001, Self–distance, F (2, 69,585) = 8,556, p < ,001, Self–transcendence, F (2, 79,331) = 26,058, p < ,001, and in ES Total Score, F (2, 74,285) = 9,133, p < ,001. A post hoc Games–Howell indicated that believers (Christians and Buddhists) scored significantly higher in Personality (strong effect, ?2 = ,23), Self-transcendence (strong effect, ?2 = ,19), Self-distance (medium effect, ?2 = ,07), and ES Total Score (medium effect, ?2 = ,07) than atheists. In Personality and Self–transcendence Buddhists also scored significantly higher than Christians. A linear regression was further performed. The faith (Christianity and Buddhism) was a significant predictor of life meaningfulness in ES Total Score, dimension Personality and its sub–dimensions. The religion explains 7,6% (R2 = ,076) of ES Total Score variance, 18,7% (R2 = ,187) of Personality variance, 16,9% (R2 = ,169) of Self–transcendence variance, and 6,9% (R2 = ,069) of Self–distance variance. Finally, we analyzed the influence of gender on the relationship between faith and life meaningfulness. A Pearson correlation explored the relationship between faith and life meaningfulness. This analysis was found to be statistically significant in dimension Personality, r(209) = ,433, p < ,001, and ES Total Score, r(209) = ,276, p < ,001, indicating a strong positive relationship. This relationship was then subjected to a first-order partial correlation in order to explore the relationship controlling for the effects of social support. The first-order correlation was found to be statistically significant in dimension Personality, r(209) = ,432, p < ,001, and ES Total Score, r(209) = ,278, p < ,001, indicating that gender doesn’t affect a relationship between faith and life meaningfulness. Discussion: Analysis confirmed the differences in life meaningfulness depending on faith and corresponds with the results of earlier studies (cf. Mahoney & Grace, 1999; Fromm, 2001; Halama, Martos & Adamová, 2010; Yalom, 2006). Faith seems to facilitate understanding of one’s own world as meaningful, and through religious dogma, traditions and rules provides a firm meaningful life framework. Higher scores of meaningfulness at Buddhists can be explained by the fact that Buddhism compared with Christianity more potentiates the possibility of self-development and a positive perception of the world. The influence of faith on the perceived life meaningfulness is however rather smaller, but still significant. This is consistent with previous studies (cf. Byron & Miller-Perrin, 2009). The biggest influence is evident in the dimension Self-transcendence. Faith, therefore, affects more emotional than cognitive aspects. This is consistent with the fact that faith is more a matter of the heart than sense, rather a kind of sensed, animistic beliefs than rational logical conclusions. The research has some limitations. The research sample consist of specific group of university humanities students. More general population may therefore produce different results. Also the concept of faith (religiosity) was measured in simplex way. For future research it would be desirable to accurately distinguish the different forms of faith (spiritual beliefs) and also monitor their intensity. This could provide further/ deeper insight into the issue of relationship between faith and life meaningfulness. Conclussion: Believers and unbelievers university students significantly differ in their experience of life meaningfulness, especially in the domain of Personality. The actual impact of the faith is not too large and ranges from 6,9 to 18,7% of the explained variance of meaningfulness. The research results and lack of studies on certain aspects of this issue indicate the need for further investigation of the topic.
3

Poczucie sensu życia osób uzależnionych od narkotyków

75%
Kaczyńska M.
Resocjalizacja Polska
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2017
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issue 13/2017
109-122
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań oceny zmian zachodzących w sferze egzystencjonalnej (poczucia sensu życia) osób uzależnionych od narkotyków i poddanych terapii. Badania przeprowadzono w Poradni Profilaktyki i Leczenia Uzależnień MONAR w Lublinie. Przebadano 25 pacjentów Ośrodka w wieku od 17 do 58 lat. Grupą porównawczą w pierwszej części badań, dotyczących poczucia sensu życia, były osoby nieuzależnione. W drugiej części badań, badając różnice w poziome uzależnienia i poczucia sensu życia u osób uzależnionych z różnych ośrodków terapeutyczno-resocjalizacyjnych, grupę porównawczą tworzyli pacjenci z Ośrodka MONAR z Głoskowa. Posłużono się metodą sondażu diagnostycznego z zastosowaniem Kwestionariusza testu przesiewowego uzależnienia od narkotyków opartego na kryteriach ICD-10 oraz Skali Sensu Życia (PIL). Na podstawie wyników badań określono poziom poczucia sensu życia osób uzależnionych od narkotyków. Przeprowadzona analiza wyników badań empirycznych wykazała, że osoby silnie uzależnione mają niższy poziom poczucia sensu życia.
EN
The article presents results of studies concerning the assessment of changes taking place in the existential sphere (the sense of life meaningfulness) in persons addicted to drugs and subjected to therapy. The studies were conducted in MONAR – Addictions Prophylaxis and Treatment Center in Lublin. 25 patients of the Center, aged 17 to 58 years, were examined. In the first part, concerning the sense of life meaningfulness the control group consisted of persons without addictions. In the second part of the studies, in examining differences between levels of addiction and the sense of life meaningfulness in addicts from various therapeutic- rehabilitation centers, the control group consisted of patients from MONAR Center in Głoskowo. We used the method of diagnostic sounding with the application of Screening Test Questionnaire concerning drug addiction, based on ICD-10 criteria and Life Meaningfulness Scale (PIL). On the basis of study results the level of the sense of life meaningfulness in persons addicted to drugs was determined. The performed analysis of empirical study results revealed that the persons strongly addicted to drugs demonstrate a lower level of the sense of life meaningfulness.
4
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Vzťahy medzi zážitkom prúdenia, životnou zmysluplnosťou a subjektívnou pohodou u študentov hudby

75%
Sedlár M.
Psychologie a její kontexty
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 1
89-104
EN
The study examines relationships between flow experience in musical activities, life meaningfulness and subjective well-being. Life meaningfulness belongs to eudaimonic good life, subjective well-being belongs to hedonic good life and flow seems to be combination of both approaches. It is supposed that flow experience in musical activity and life meaningfulness should have positive impact on subjective well-being. The research sample consisted of 96 university music students (37 males, 59 females) from the Music and Dance Faculty, Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava, Slovakia. Dispositional Flow Scale-2, which measures nine dimension of flow, was used for measuring frequency of flow experience. Life Meaningfulness Scale, which measures three dimensions of life meaningfulness, was used for measuring meaningfulness of life. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule measured affective components of subjective well-being, and Satisfaction with Life Scale measured cognitive component of subjective well-being. Categorization revealed that the most favourite performing musical activities are creative musical activities, such as reproduction and production, during which music students relatively often experience flow. The results of correlation analysis showed that total scores of flow experience, life meaningfulness and components of subjective well-being, significantly correlate each other. Aspects of flow, clear goals and autotelic experience are positively related to cognitive and motivational dimension of life meaningfulness and also to positive affectivity. Loss of self-consciousness and autotelic experience are positively related to emotional dimension of life meaningfulness. Challenge-skill balance, action-awareness merging, clear goals, concentration on task at hand, sense of control and autotelic experience are negatively related to negative affectivity. Challenge-skill balance and autotelic experience are related to satisfaction with life. Correlation coeficients of these relations showed that flow experience is relatively equally associated with life meaningfulness and subjective well-being. It suggests that flow experience is partly hedonic and also eudaimonic concept. Next, all dimensions of life meaningfulness correlate positively with positive affectivity and satisfaction with life, and negatively with negative affectivity. Multiple regression analysis revealed that life meaningfulness significantly contributes to all components of subjective well-being, and experiencing flow significantly predicts only negative affectivity. Thus, life meaningfulness brings good feeling and creates in one's mind order just like flow does it on its own way and in shorter time period. Flow experience rather prevents experiencing unpleasant affects. Considering specific research sample, generalizations of the results are limited. This is quantitative research which does not enable to examine phenomenological nuances of flow experience that are usually examined. Qualitative research, but also personality characteristics, age of musicians and length of musical practise would give another view on examined relations. Despite some limitations, our results confirm theoretical assumptions and research studies. They refer to the function of flow experience in musical activity and especially to life meaningfulness as important factor of subjective well-being.
5

Sense of Life Meaningfulness in Drug Addicts

75%
Kaczyńska M.
Resocjalizacja Polska
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2017
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issue 13/2017
105-118
EN
The article presents results of studies concerning the assessment of changes taking place in the existential sphere (the sense of life meaningfulness) in persons addicted to drugs and subjected to therapy. The studies were conducted in MONAR – Addictions Prophylaxis and Treatment Center in Lublin. 25 patients of the Center, aged 17 to 58 years, were examined. In the first part, concerning the sense of life meaningfulness the control group consisted of persons without addictions. In the second part of the studies, in examining differences between levels of addiction and the sense of life meaningfulness in addicts from various therapeutic- rehabilitation centers, the control group consisted of patients from MONAR Center in Głoskowo. We used the method of diagnostic sounding with the application of Screening Test Questionnaire concerning drug addiction, based on ICD-10 criteria and Life Meaningfulness Scale (PIL). On the basis of study results the level of the sense of life meaningfulness in persons addicted to drugs was determined. The performed analysis of empirical study results revealed that the persons strongly addicted to drugs demonstrate a lower level of the sense of life meaningfulness.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań oceny zmian zachodzących w sferze egzystencjonalnej (poczucia sensu życia) osób uzależnionych od narkotyków i poddanych terapii. Badania przeprowadzono w Poradni Profilaktyki i Leczenia Uzależnień MONAR w Lublinie. Przebadano 25 pacjentów Ośrodka w wieku od 17 do 58 lat. Grupą porównawczą w pierwszej części badań, dotyczących poczucia sensu życia, były osoby nieuzależnione. W drugiej części badań, badając różnice w poziome uzależnienia i poczucia sensu życia u osób uzależnionych z różnych ośrodków terapeutyczno-resocjalizacyjnych, grupę porównawczą tworzyli pacjenci z Ośrodka MONAR z Głoskowa. Posłużono się metodą sondażu diagnostycznego z zastosowaniem Kwestionariusza testu przesiewowego uzależnienia od narkotyków opartego na kryteriach ICD-10 oraz Skali Sensu Życia (PIL). Na podstawie wyników badań określono poziom poczucia sensu życia osób uzależnionych od narkotyków. Przeprowadzona analiza wyników badań empirycznych wykazała, że osoby silnie uzależnione mają niższy poziom poczucia sensu życia.
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